The methods adopted by the construction industry to remedy Health and Literature review

The strategies embraced by the development business to cure Health and security non similarities and to guarantee that they to not rec - Literature survey Example A portion of the significant strategies were recognized from the revitalisation crusade which was led by the HSE to help the development business become a more wellbeing and security condition to work inside. Simultaneously such techniques recognized compared with the strategies referenced by the interviewees inside my outcomes. Along these lines representing that the recognizable proof of a strategies to cure wellbeing and security non congruities was not all that troublesome and it additionally shows that experts inside the business know about such consistence issues as techniques have been distinguished and made to guarantee that they don't happen later on. The techniques which were recognized inside the writing audit included data with respect to how the administration strategies, relating to wellbeing and security ought to be methodicallly and appropriately distributed from the top administration down. Collins (2007). Social administration strategies which incorporate receiving increasingly positive wellbeing the executives rules, for example, include and rouse people don't do examinations on the premise to discover blames and convey wellbeing and security adequately. ... At long last Singh, Hinze and Coble (2009) propose examinations as a strategy to cure wellbeing and security non compliances. In examination the strategies which have been referenced by the interviewees include: conduct the executives procedures, for example, inspiration, compelling correspondence, rewards (prizes), name and disgrace, red card yellow card framework, giving rebelliousness notes on workers portfolio, the executives methods, for example, to show others how its done and not by analysis, law and guidelines to follow as an association, for example, the building site security handbook GF700, lastly preparing and instruction prerequisites previously and during a representative's excursion on a building site, for example, CSCS card plot, and even administrative instructional classes for supervisors to go to would all be able to assist with guaranteeing wellbeing and wellbeing non congruities don't reoccur. By and large one can presume that lone two strategies recognized insid e the writing audit and the interviewees are comparative which incorporate the CSCS card plot and the drove from the top administration down methodology. This represents all the techniques distinguished inside the meetings are largely strategies which include created inside industry and are techniques which the association feels are viable to cure wellbeing and security non similarities. It is anything but difficult to list or even distinguish all the strategies that an association uses to cure wellbeing and security non similarities as represented over, the principle issue is the means by which powerful are these techniques in guaranteeing that a restorative activity has been accomplished instead of a moment (non remedial) change. Hence legitimizations from interviewees where surrendered to why they felt that these techniques will

American Graffiti Essay -- essays research papers

American Graffiti (1973)      This exemplary move centers around a solitary night in the mid Sixties, the confident eventual fate of the principle characters is trailed by the occasions which happen. Steve (Ron Howard), and Curt (Richard Dreyfuss) will leave for school the following day, the development of long stretches of difficult work. At last they'll have the option to leave their little old neighborhood and "spread their wings", encountering life in manners they never have. Brief is unattached to anybody, yet Steve will desert his long-term sweetheart Laurie (Cindy Williams), who happens to be Curt's sister. Likewise staying at home are Terry (Charles Martin Smith), a bungling geek, and John (Paul Le Mat), a more seasoned child with "the quickest vehicle in the valley". The two fundamental things that child's centered around in 1962, it was vehicles and music. Each and every individual who's anybody travels the strip in th eir sparkling vehicles and keeping in mind that they're doing that they're tuning in to Wolfman Jack on the radio. Music is a vital piece of this gathering, characterizing its states of mind, fears, wants and taking care of from similar feelings.      Curt, a grant champ, is loaded up with question in regards to his future. Everything that he's at any point done has been focused on school, however at this point the second has arrived Curt marvels if rather he should get some much needed rest. Emblematic of this vulnerability is a blonde in a white T-winged creature; tricky and charming she generally evades Curt when he approaches. Interestingly, Steve is (if a...

5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right

5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right EP 42: 5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right EP 42: 5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right It can be challenging to ease back into the semester after the holidays. However, there are strategies you can easily implement to help you thrive in the new semester. This week, on Episode 42, join Cath Anne as she discusses 5 strategies you can use right now to help make the transition into second semester a little smoother. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: : [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and Im the host of Homework Gelp Globals the Homework Help Show and this is Episode 42 of the show. Cath Anne: : [00:00:10] Here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: : [00:00:16] So its 2019. Youre beginning a new semester and a brand new year. It can be challenging to make this transition especially if you are a little bit maybe sluggish after the holidays. So today we wanted to give you five strategies that can ease that transition and help you to jump right back into a new semester feeling fresh and ready to take on the world. Cath Anne: : [00:00:47] The first strategy I wanted to talk about is make smart resolutions, and what I mean by smart is S M A R T which is the acronym for making a smart goal. Dont make vague statements about your goals. A lot of times we will set goals but we wont be able to attain them because they are too vague. This is where the smart acronym can come in handy. Use the smart acronym to make defined and achievable goals. Lets go through what the smart acronym stands for. Make goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time bound. For example dont say, I want to work out more. Say, I want to work out three times a week. This is a very specific goal. Its not as vague as, I want to work out more.. Cath Anne: : [00:01:35] Measure that goal. Keep track of it and write down how many times you actually go to the gym within the run of a week. This will help you measure your goal and in the long run help you to be more successful. Cath Anne: : [00:01:48] Make sure your goal is something that you are able to attain. So make sure it is attainable. Dont set a goal that is too lofty. For example if you are not going to the gym at all now maybe dont make a goal to go seven days a week. Start out with 3 and if you get more, thats great. Just make sure your goal is attainable. Cath Anne: : [00:02:10] You also want to make sure that your goal is relevant. Is it something that means something to you? What Does losing weight or getting fit, going to the gym, mean to you? Does It have meaning in your life? Your goals should have meaning because that will help motivate you along the way. And if they dont have meaning then you will be less likely to achieve them. Cath Anne: : [00:02:30] And finally, you want to make sure that your goals are time-bound. Three times a week that gives you a logical timeframe within which to work and it can help you along the way to being more successful. Cath Anne: : [00:02:43] So the second tip is have a plan for how you are going to pay for your semester and also start paying off student loan debt now. Now that might seem like a large goal to have in mind however, just hear me out. First, lets talk about what I first mentioned. Make sure that you have everything in place with student loans before going into school. If youre relying on student loans there can be some issues with administration and things. So make sure that you have that all lined up before you go into your second semester to save you from dealing with that administrative piece and just being able to focus on your classes. Second ,no one ever said that you cant start paying off your student loans when while you are still in school consider getting a part time job while youre in school. If youre not too bogged down with classes, make small contributions to paying off your student debt while you were in school and future you will thank you when you have way less studen t debt when you are finished school. Overall, just make sure that all of your funding is in place before you go into school so that you do not have to worry about financial things and that you are feeling secure as you move into your academic career. Cath Anne: : [00:03:57] The third point I wanted to review is make sure that you have all your required textbooks before you enter class. There is nothing worse than going to class and realizing that you dont have a textbook that you need review all your syllabus first and go to the bookstore purchase your books and make sure you are all set for class so youre not feeling prepared. Cath Anne: : [00:04:18] My fourth point is more of a lifestyle point. Prep your meals. Mealprep can help with time management. Each Sunday take a few hours to go grocery shopping and get everything you need for the week plan and a menu and make meals in bulk use a big pot or a crock pot. Make meals in bulk and then freeze them throughout the week so that you have something to quickly grab while you are trying to focus on school and you dont have to worry about meals smoothies are also a great option for a breakfast grab and go make a batch of muffins and have them on hand free self in the morning so you can grab it and run out the door to take the bus or drive to school. Cath Anne: : [00:04:57] And my fifth point is know your support network. When things get stressful at school it can be really helpful to know that you have some people in your life that you can fall back on and that you can rely on. Some students living at a distance from their families may not have these building connections so it can help to foster these relationships. Reach out to these people before you go back to school and ask if theyre willing to help with anything while you were in school. Do you need to drive to school when it is a big snowstorm and know someone that has a truck? Connect with them and see if theyd be willing to do this. Do you need a respite from school or being in the city? Maybe you have family living outside the city could you visit them on the weekend and just have some downtime to do some studying at their home. These are all ways to foster relationships but also to secure your support network so that you feel comfortable moving into a new semester and that you feel secure having that support network especially if youre living away from home. Cath Anne: : [00:05:59] OK so thats it for me this week guys, I hope this was of benefit. Happy New Year and I am so happy for you going into 2019 and a new semester. We will be along for the ride, so we cant wait to hear whats in store for you. As always if you have any questions leave them in the comments below. Please like this video and give it a thumbs up. If youre looking into checking out any of our other content, all of our social media platforms are linked in the description box below. Happy 2019. Have a great week guys, talk soon, take care. 5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right EP 42: 5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right EP 42: 5 Strategies to Start the New Year and New Semester Off Right It can be challenging to ease back into the semester after the holidays. However, there are strategies you can easily implement to help you thrive in the new semester. This week, on Episode 42, join Cath Anne as she discusses 5 strategies you can use right now to help make the transition into second semester a little smoother. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: : [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and Im the host of Homework Gelp Globals the Homework Help Show and this is Episode 42 of the show. Cath Anne: : [00:00:10] Here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. Cath Anne: : [00:00:16] So its 2019. Youre beginning a new semester and a brand new year. It can be challenging to make this transition especially if you are a little bit maybe sluggish after the holidays. So today we wanted to give you five strategies that can ease that transition and help you to jump right back into a new semester feeling fresh and ready to take on the world. Cath Anne: : [00:00:47] The first strategy I wanted to talk about is make smart resolutions, and what I mean by smart is S M A R T which is the acronym for making a smart goal. Dont make vague statements about your goals. A lot of times we will set goals but we wont be able to attain them because they are too vague. This is where the smart acronym can come in handy. Use the smart acronym to make defined and achievable goals. Lets go through what the smart acronym stands for. Make goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time bound. For example dont say, I want to work out more. Say, I want to work out three times a week. This is a very specific goal. Its not as vague as, I want to work out more.. Cath Anne: : [00:01:35] Measure that goal. Keep track of it and write down how many times you actually go to the gym within the run of a week. This will help you measure your goal and in the long run help you to be more successful. Cath Anne: : [00:01:48] Make sure your goal is something that you are able to attain. So make sure it is attainable. Dont set a goal that is too lofty. For example if you are not going to the gym at all now maybe dont make a goal to go seven days a week. Start out with 3 and if you get more, thats great. Just make sure your goal is attainable. Cath Anne: : [00:02:10] You also want to make sure that your goal is relevant. Is it something that means something to you? What Does losing weight or getting fit, going to the gym, mean to you? Does It have meaning in your life? Your goals should have meaning because that will help motivate you along the way. And if they dont have meaning then you will be less likely to achieve them. Cath Anne: : [00:02:30] And finally, you want to make sure that your goals are time-bound. Three times a week that gives you a logical timeframe within which to work and it can help you along the way to being more successful. Cath Anne: : [00:02:43] So the second tip is have a plan for how you are going to pay for your semester and also start paying off student loan debt now. Now that might seem like a large goal to have in mind however, just hear me out. First, lets talk about what I first mentioned. Make sure that you have everything in place with student loans before going into school. If youre relying on student loans there can be some issues with administration and things. So make sure that you have that all lined up before you go into your second semester to save you from dealing with that administrative piece and just being able to focus on your classes. Second ,no one ever said that you cant start paying off your student loans when while you are still in school consider getting a part time job while youre in school. If youre not too bogged down with classes, make small contributions to paying off your student debt while you were in school and future you will thank you when you have way less studen t debt when you are finished school. Overall, just make sure that all of your funding is in place before you go into school so that you do not have to worry about financial things and that you are feeling secure as you move into your academic career. Cath Anne: : [00:03:57] The third point I wanted to review is make sure that you have all your required textbooks before you enter class. There is nothing worse than going to class and realizing that you dont have a textbook that you need review all your syllabus first and go to the bookstore purchase your books and make sure you are all set for class so youre not feeling prepared. Cath Anne: : [00:04:18] My fourth point is more of a lifestyle point. Prep your meals. Mealprep can help with time management. Each Sunday take a few hours to go grocery shopping and get everything you need for the week plan and a menu and make meals in bulk use a big pot or a crock pot. Make meals in bulk and then freeze them throughout the week so that you have something to quickly grab while you are trying to focus on school and you dont have to worry about meals smoothies are also a great option for a breakfast grab and go make a batch of muffins and have them on hand free self in the morning so you can grab it and run out the door to take the bus or drive to school. Cath Anne: : [00:04:57] And my fifth point is know your support network. When things get stressful at school it can be really helpful to know that you have some people in your life that you can fall back on and that you can rely on. Some students living at a distance from their families may not have these building connections so it can help to foster these relationships. Reach out to these people before you go back to school and ask if theyre willing to help with anything while you were in school. Do you need to drive to school when it is a big snowstorm and know someone that has a truck? Connect with them and see if theyd be willing to do this. Do you need a respite from school or being in the city? Maybe you have family living outside the city could you visit them on the weekend and just have some downtime to do some studying at their home. These are all ways to foster relationships but also to secure your support network so that you feel comfortable moving into a new semester and that you feel secure having that support network especially if youre living away from home. Cath Anne: : [00:05:59] OK so thats it for me this week guys, I hope this was of benefit. Happy New Year and I am so happy for you going into 2019 and a new semester. We will be along for the ride, so we cant wait to hear whats in store for you. As always if you have any questions leave them in the comments below. Please like this video and give it a thumbs up. If youre looking into checking out any of our other content, all of our social media platforms are linked in the description box below. Happy 2019. Have a great week guys, talk soon, take care.

Rape And Sexual Assault The White House - 1382 Words

For my second resource I picked â€Å"Rape and Sexual Assault: A renewed call to action†, from the website The White House, a report prepared by the White House Council on Women and Girls and the Office of the Vice President, analyzes the most recent data the government have about rape and sexual assault on not only women but men as well. The report was created to â€Å"identify those most at risk of being victims of these crimes, examines the cost of the violence (both to survivors and our communities), and describe the response, too often inadequate, of the criminal justice system.† (The White House 5) First, the authors of the report are presenting some statistic of how many women and men, girls and boys, are victims of sexual assaults. The†¦show more content†¦And last, the report presents ways to â€Å"redoubling the work† already being done to fight against the sexual assaults. In this last part, the authors focused mainly on continuing the fight o n university campuses, increasing the arrests and conviction rates, and trying to encourage everyone to help fight these vicious crimes. It is somewhat relief that even the Vice President of the United States is recognizing the problem we have in the nation and is trying to do everything possible in his hands to help the whole nation fight against the sexual assaults. We need to take the fight on every possible front, as it is something that is affecting everyone, if not directly, then definitely indirectly. With this report I am trying to show that rape is something that happens to everyone, everywhere in the world. With my first article, which was based on stats from England and Wales, now with this one I can show that it is a big deal in the United States as well. It does makes me happy that someone on higher level in the Government as the Vice President, took time away from his normal duties, to collect and create this report, to provide us with resources and ways to fight these crimes. This shows that someone does care, even though we don’t see dramatic changes, it is still light in the darkness. It is hor rific to read these statistics: some 12% of high school girls report having been forced to have sexual intercourse. And up to 38% of runaway teens say that sexual

The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished - 893 Words

Legal at Eighteen Currently in the United States the legal age to drink alcohol is twenty-one years old. Before the 1980s, the legal drinking age was eighteen years old. In 1980, the drinking age was changed to twenty-one to diminish the number of traffic deaths caused by young drunk drivers. Changing the drinking age to twenty-one has not reduced drinking, it only made teens drink in unsafe and illegal environments. The drinking age should be changed to eighteen, because eighteen year olds have the right to vote, marry, buy guns, join the military, are considered adults, take away the thrill of breaking the law, and it would help the economy. In the United States at eighteen years old a citizen can vote. At eighteen a person can choose who will be president, governor, senator, and other important positions. If an eighteen year old can make the decision of who should run the country, then they can decide if they want to drink alcohol. By the age of eighteen most people are intelligent enough to comprehend politics and vote, and they should be smart enough to understand how alcohol affects a person and smart responsibly. Of an eighteen year old can vote, then they should be able to drink. At the age of eighteen a person can get married. Being married is a lifelong and life changing decision. Being married means that two people will spend the rest of their lives together and share a life together. If a person can get married at eighteen they should be able toShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 Pagestheir own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteen. Alcohol consumption is a major factor in cultural and social matters and the National Minimum Drinking Age has affected everybody. This law is unjust because of many reasons. One of the most prominent reasons is that it is an ex-post facto law. The legal drinkingRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 Pagessegregation of schools, drink ing fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal theory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacks were systematically denied the right to vote in most of the rural South through the selective application of literacy tests and other racially motivated criteria (PBS). Despite Jim Crow laws being abolished in 1964 when PresidentRead MoreThe Debate On The Minimum Legal Drinking Age2364 Words   |  10 PagesThe Debate on the Minimum Legal Drinking Age There has been a debate going on about the minimum legal drinking age, or â€Å"MLDA†. Some people believe it has no impact on our youth, and should thus be lowered to the standard age of adulthood, age 18. They refuse to acknowledge the true significance of this law, however, and continue to see it as a futile attempt to control the inevitable. Yet in reality, having an MLDA of 21 has many benefits, and stands for a healthier view of alcohol consumption,Read More The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay2234 Words   |  9 Pageslinked to drinking underage. The legal drinking age in many states is twenty-one years old. The purpose of this law is to keep minors out of danger: away from drunk driving, alcohol poisoning, and injuring the brain before it is fully developed. The government supports the belief that people are not ready or responsible enough for alcohol until this age. However, various professors and researchers are discovering ways to disprove this belief. T hese people think that reducing the drinking age to eighteenRead MoreThere Has Been Debate Within The Australian Government1881 Words   |  8 Pagesof provocation should be changed or abolished. Over the years this defence has undergone changes through interpretation in cases and through legislative amendments. â€Å"Provocation; a totally flawed defence that has no place in Australia criminal law irrespective of sentencing regime†. These are the words of Andrew Hemming, a Senior Lecturer of Law within the School of Law and Justice at University of Southern Queensland. He states that provocation laws should be completely abolished throughout theRead MoreRacism By Michell Alexander s Book, The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration1457 Words   |  6 Pagesperson does in society. In Michell Alexander’s book, â€Å"The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness† she touches on the many injustices that African Americans face in everyday life. While sh e makes good points throughout the book, there are some things that I did not completely agree with. Michelle’s book was published about fifty-five years after the Jim Crow laws were abolished. The Jim Crow laws segregated blacks and whites and were enforced by the state and towns. This segregationRead MoreTma03 W100 -Unlawful Conduct Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesvery broad term, we may consider the term of unlawful conduct of any conduct relating to crimes but it is much broader than this, it also includes aspects of civil law. We can consider a conduct to be unlawful in many ways; this can be by underage drinking to downloading music from the internet without paying for such a song. For a conduct to be considered unlawful, it has to be approved by parliament. Without laws we cannot consider a conduct to be unlawful. Unlawful conduct is any conduct that itRead MoreThe Black Death1203 Words   |  5 Pageswere wiped out and it is estimated that around 200 million people in Europe fell to the plague. Villages and towns began barring anyone from entering in fear of the plague and some of the rich chose to escape overseas. People began running amok, drinking and enjoying themselves as much as they could as they believed they had not long to live. Others thought that living quietly would cure them of the plague while a large amount of people believed that the world was going to end. The Crusades (a religiousRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Legal1956 Words   |  8 Pagessale of all alcohol. The Prohibition lasted a total of 13 years before being abolished in 1933 since the government could not stop the entire country from buying and/or selling alcohol illegally. It seemed that the more they tried to get rid of alcohol, the more people would want it so instead of having continuous law breake rs, they’d rather the people drink freely hence Prohibition ending. Drugs, on the other hand, were legal all the way up until 1914, where the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act took placeRead MorePosition Paper-Alcoholism3290 Words   |  14 Pagestries to quit drinking but the individual s craving, or strong need or compulsion to drink, compels them to continue. This need can be as strong as the need for basic necessities of life such as food, water, and air. Physical dependence, which is the body s need for a substance, in this case alcohol, is revealed by withdrawal symptoms that consist of sweating, shakiness, nausea, and anxiety. These symptoms occur when alcohol use is abruptly halted after a period of heavy drinking. With regard to

The Benefits of Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet

The Benefits of Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet Ruthless Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet Strategies Exploited As when writing different essays, you will need to pick the Romeo and Juliet essay questions that let you to explore some part of the poem deeply. If you still don't feel like you're well ready to compose your essay, you're still ready to go. Writing a comparative essay is a chance to pick sides and analyze either side of a problem or a character. Browsing our essay writing samples can offer you a good idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. If you're tasked to write a college essay, you're not alone. Therefore, many students and employees decide to purchase cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. They are quite a writer's paradise and offer a number of the finest one-on-one assistance you will see anywhere. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer as you can't ever be sure whether you are employing the perfect service or not. The Truth About Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet Provided that a story upholds some kind of currency, the popularity of said story won't ever falter. Both of these characters make bold decisions and they have in order to defend them. It is an entire opposite of the first expectations painted by Shakespeare, a scenario that could rudely but beautifully spend the reader aback. In case there's whatever you forget when placing the initial order, you don't need to panic. Fortunately, there are simple to follow action to make sure that you have good body paragraphs. The body paragraphs are where you're likely to do almost all of your writing. Then you work through lots of people. Whenever someone dies, a lot of people go through hard times. Teenagers are continuously in conflict with themselves since they don't know what things to conform too as society demands a good deal from them. Therefore, in the event the teenagers aren't handled well and given the appropriate information regarding relationships they may wind up making the incorrect decisions and affect their lives in future. It's fine to discuss depression. Depression isn't a decision. To quit fixating, obsessing on negative ideas and feelings. There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. What's more, you also ought to proofread the work so that each one of the sentences make sense to the reader. If it's so, then you might be having some difficult time for a student along with being a writer. Use one or less sentence to provide the ideas about the special topic for those readrs. Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet: the Ultimate Convenience! Notably, verbal irony is tremendously manifested within this movie. That Romeo and Juliet were young lovers increases the tragedy and the irony of the entire play. Mercutio is thought to be absolutely the most honorable character made by Shakespeare. The very first reason Friar Lawrence ought t o be blamed for the tragedy is the simple fact which he marries Romeo and Juliet. A Shakespeare's exploration of the use of self-determination ironically starts with the assertion of the use of fate. Every reader may decide for himself the best way to call the love explained in the novel. Camera work is easily the most significant part a movie. The Characteristics of Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet Romeo's propensity for rash action becomes himand his belovedin a good deal of trouble. The rash decisions created by Romeo and Juliet also promote the ill-fated results of the story. The friar doesn't think of what could possibly fail with giving her. In a try to get Romeo and Juliet together once more, Friar Lawrence devised a strategy. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. You will shortly locate the official data about us. Explain the significance of these many messages and the troubles with the messengers. Make an original argument employing the source. The introduction paragraph is really straightf orward. Also, you should check at the instructions issued. Facts, Fiction and Argumentative Essay Samples for Romeo and Juliet Have a Working Plan Now that you already understand what is supposed to be done and the sum of content which you want, you should place a plan of how you're going to manage the work in place. Introduction may be the most troublesome pieces of papers to compose.

Ahhh...The Test free essay sample

Do you ever feel sweat coming from your hands? If you say yes, I bet I know why your hands are sweating†¦ it’s the test, isn’t it? I know it’s creepy, but here are ways to help you get good grades on everything you get. You don’t cheat, you practice, and you let your brain do the work, these are the advice I would give you, if you follow them, I hope that you should get a higher grade on your test. The following paragraphs will show you why you should follow my advices. My first advice is you don’t cheat. For example if you cheat, it’s called cheating, and that won’t help you pass the test, you might pass it, but what is it worth for? You will not understand anything they teach you, so re you cheating them, or are you really cheating yourself? Cheating is bad, because once in a while you’ll get caught by the teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on AhhhThe Test or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another advice is you practice. For example if you practice you’ll get smarter. And then you can do the test like it is a piece of cake. Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"Practice makes perfect†? Well believe in that phrase. It has proved very useful. I strongly believe in that phrase, because if you keep practicing, you will eventually find what kind of mistakes your making, and then you’ll learn to avoid all those mistakes. The last advice is you let your brain do the work. For example since you’ve practiced so hard for it, relax, I mean be nervous a little, but don’t worry too much, relax and have faith in yourself, say this in your head â€Å"I’m going to ace this test!†. Your brain will speed through the questions as if they were nothing much than a bug. In conclusion don’t cheat, because it’s going to get you nowhere.(except maybe the principle’s office.) Practice, Practice, Practice, because if you don’t you’ll regret it. And let your brain do all the work, because your brain has all the facts you need. Follow these advices, and there will be unlimited possibilities for your future. TRUST ME, when I used all these methods, I got the highest score on the 5th grade math test. And remember this is a secret between you and me†¦ don’t tell a soul. Good luck on your test†¦ oh wait, you don’t need luck you have skills on your side, so go ace that test!

Digital Photography, Which Is Also Called digital Imaging Since It D E

Digital photography, which is also called ?digital imaging' since it does not involve the use of film started in the sixties. The original development of the technology is at NASA when they required that exploration spacecraft, unable to return to earth, to be capable of sending back pictures of their voyages. The digital camera, like the standard film camera, uses a lens to focus the image on a sensor. The usual film camera depends on a film to capture the image but the digital relies on a sensor, either CCD or CMOS . As light hits the pixels that make up the sensor, it is converted to a current that is then sent to the ?Analogue to Digital Converter' or A-D converter. When a photo is digitised, its colours are sampled from the sensor and converted to binary format. The smallest image element sampled is called a pixel. The digital image is like a map, where the information about the colour value of a pixel is understood as co-ordinates on the map. When the map is converted back to an image, the pixel goes to its position and colour in relation to the other pixels making up the image and the co-ordinates given to it. This is how the camera maps out the image. From the A-D converter, algorithms are then applied to the data converting it into a digital image. Sometimes, the size of the data generated by an image sensor can be very large. The larger the number of pixels making up the picture, the higher the resolution of the image and the larger the size of the data of the image. To deal with these large files, most digital cameras compress the data, as to make the size of the data of the image smaller. The way the data representing an image is electronically written is called an ?image file format'. There are many different image file formats. Several of them use compression techniques to reduce the storage space required by the bitmap image data. These compression methods are classified in two ways: whether or not they remove detail and colour from the image. ?Lossless' methods compress image data without removing any detail from the image, while 'lossy' methods compress images by removing detail and colour depth. One of the more common standards of compression for digital cameras is the JPEG format. The larger the image, and the more precise the sampling process, the larger the final digital file will be. To make the use of digitised photographs more utilised for transmission over Internet or for storing on a disk, algorithms have been constructed to decrease the size of data that is used in representing the image. When the process is reversed, the image is returns. Compression algorithms are useful when you need storage space, or to speed up data transmission on the Internet or anywhere. Without the JPEG format, the Internet would be much slower as this format is extensively used. To get large savings in the image files, many compression systems delete some of the information the file contains. The object is to make a compressed version of the image, so that once restored it is as close of a match to the original image as possible. Many different algorithms have been developed to compress file sizes. Lossy compression is better than lossless because it can compress an image that can be as little as five percent of the original size. Lossy is where information from the image file is removed and lossless is just compressing the file. The JPEG format was created specifically for the transmission and storage of photographic images. It is a lossy compression algorithm and it is made to remove different amounts of the data that originally made up the image. JPEG compression is designed to take advantage of a particular aspect of human visual perception: the fact that we perceive small colour changes less accurately than we perceive small changes in brightness. The most important advantage coming from JPEG compression is the enormous reduction of file size. For digital cameras, this makes it possible to store a more images in the same amount of memory. JPEG compression makes it possible to send high quality images

Digital Revolution essays

Digital Revolution essays Graphic design was changed forever during the period of quickly evolving computer technology in the last quarter of this century. This time period, which came to be known as the "Digital Revolution", was originally opposed by many designers. However, after numerous developments in technology, the opposition died down. Computers were here to stay, and many designers embraced the changes. The entire design industry was about to be revolutionized. The revolution was foretold by the introduction of the Macintosh computer in 1984. It used bitmapped graphics and included a device called a mouse. The mouse made the computer usable by just about anyone, not just programmers. This is what drew designers to the computer medium. The man behind all this was Douglas Englebart. Not only did he invent the mouse, but his early innovations could be likened to modern day applications such as email and Windows. The first readily available laser printer was introduced in 1985 by Apple Computer. With this new printer, fonts could be much more closely reproduced in a printout. However, they still were not typeset quality. This was corrected with new laser printers which were introduced shortly after. Typography was now easily accessible to the general public. "Paint" programs, while still rudimentary, were also available to the general public. By 1990 color computers (Macintosh in particular) had changed the face of graphic art and communication. In A History of Graphic Design (3rd Edition), author Phillip B. Meggs likens the change to "..the fifteenth-century shift from hand lettered manuscript books to Gutenberg's movable type." Everything from photography to type design was affected by this tremendous change in the industry. Magazine design was taken to a completely different level. Art directors toyed with new ideas and took production in new paths. Two new programs in particular, Quark and Adobe photoshop, expanded the poss...

The NSA, Government Spying, and Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The NSA, Government Spying, and Privacy - Essay Example Business records and domestic phone calls got recorded (Lee 1). Snowden also releases that the NSA has been spying on the foreign leaders. From the report, it had targeted at least 35 leaders. The Agency also spies on ordinary people overseas. It has been collecting data from common people, as in Germany and Brazil. The Agency also tracked the telephone location around the world (Lee 1). The agency does not have the authority to target the cell phone users deliberately in the US, but it collected the phone records incidentally. With nine major internet companies, the PRISM program lets the National Security Agency and access to the private user data on the online services. Snowden reveals that the companies comprise of the Google, Microsoft, YouTube, Facebook, Pal Talk, Yahoo, Skype, Apple, and AOL. The program enables NSA to get private information such as stored documents, Facebook messages, and emails (Lee 1). The NSA uses the Tailored Access Operations in hacking a wide variety of business IT systems and consumer gadgets. It also taps long distance internet connections. The agency works with countries around the world and taps into fiber optic cables known to carry much fiber optic data. Moreover, NSA has also intercepted the data flowing from Yahoo and Google data centers. From the encryption as one log into Gmail is an example in which the Agency harvested the bulk user data. The agency has also been collecting information on the internet usage of American citizens between the years 2001 to 2011 (Lee 1). NSA has also undermined the security of encryption products by persuading technology companies to make their products exploitable. Modification of the product was to make them vulnerable to attacks by the agency. The company has also been using tracking cookies in choosing hacking targets. In 2013, the company cracked one of the most popular encryption standards, A5 and intercepted contents of the cell

Internet privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet privacy - Essay Example People are encouraged to ensure timely update of their antiviruses and to be sure with what they click at any given instance. The widespread use of social media platforms has further aggravated the matter as personal information is made accessible to those within the social brackets thus increasing the chances of cyber crime. Internet privacy relates to the right of personal confidentiality on the storing as well as availing of information to third parties through the internet on specific issues. This is regarded as a subset of computer privacy in the ever growing information sector. The level of privacy in the internet can be divided into personally identifying information which refers to any information that is used in the recognition of given individual factors such as physical address or other personal bio-data and non-personal identifying information which excludes any personal information regarding an individual (Imparato, 2000). Countries all over the world as well as the United States of America are trying all workable methods that are aimed at ensuring total protection of personal information by maintaining their privacy (Frackman, Martin, & Ray, 2002). With the proliferation of social media, avoiding revealing sensitive data can be difficult making laws and government regulations necessary for maintaining privacy. One of the steps towards enhancing internet privacy is by encouraging people not to carelessly or mistakenly revealing personal information via the internet. One can easily made public their personal bio-data over the internet without being fully aware of it hence the need to be very careful when using the internet. One should make use of pseudonyms instead of using real names and actual personal information. The browsers used should not be in a position to leak out personal information or retain them for a longer period of time (Jakubiak,

Amendment to Controlled Substances Act: Hydrocodone

Amendment to Controlled Substances Act: Hydrocodone H.R. 1285: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone a Schedule II Drug Jill Garreth Abstract This paper describes H.R. 1285, a bill proposed to amend the Controlled Substances Act to make any substance containing hydrocodone a Schedule II drug. It explores the historical, sociocultural, ethical, economic and the political/legislative environment in which the bill was introduced. Some of the difficulties encountered include the bill being referred to the House Committee of Judiciary and the House Committee of Energy and Commerce (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). Since being referred to both committees, there has been no further action taken on this bill by Congress (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). Stakeholders in the passage of this bill include physicians, pharmacists, advanced practice nurses, patients and long term care (LTC) facilities. The likelihood that H.R. 1285 will pass is very small due to the fact that the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) recently made a ruling that changed hydrocodone to a schedule II drug (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). Because of the DEA’s actions, it seems unnecessary to push forward with H.R. 1285. Keywords: hydrocodone, schedule II drugs, controlled substances, DEA H.R. 1285: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone a Schedule II Drug Introduction H. R. 1285 is a bill introduced March 20, 2013 to amend the Controlled Substances Act to make any substance containing hydrocodone a Schedule II drug (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). H.R. 1285 â€Å"amends the Controlled Substances Act to remove dihydrocodeinone (hydrocodone) from classification as a schedule III controlled substance. Directs the Attorney General to immediately allow manufacturers and distributors to store hydrocodone compound products in accordance with the physical security requirements for schedule III, IV, and V controlled substances for three years beginning on the date enactment of this Act. Requires the Comptroller General to submit a report on the reclassification of hydrocodone products under this Act, including: (1) an assessment of the degree to which the reclassification of such products under this Act impacts the ability of patients with legitimate m edical needs, particularly those in rural areas and nursing home facilities, to access adequate pain management; and (2) recommendations necessary to address any issues relating to patient access to adequate pain management† (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). H.R. 1285 is a piece of legislation that could directly affect the prescriptive authority of an advanced practice nurse (DEA Issues Info, 2012). Some states only allow an advanced practice nurse the authority to write prescriptions for drugs rated Schedule III and below and because of that, H.R. 1285 has the potential to affect advanced practice nurses in at least nine states (DEA Issues Info, 2012). Environment Historical Title 21 of the United States Code Controlled Substances Act classifies drugs based on three criteria (U.S. Code: Title 21-Food and Drugs, 2012). The criteria used to determine the schedule of the drug is the potential for abuse of the drug, whether the drug has an acceptable medical purpose and the type of dependence the drug may perpetuate (U.S. Code: Title 21-Food and Drugs, 2012). Between 2004 and 2009 products containing hydrocodone had an increase in demand of approximately 125% (Drug-Related Hospital Emergency Room Visits, 2011). Florida Congressman Vern Buchanan introduced this bill to help combat the growing prescription drug epidemic in his home state of Florida and wants to make hydrocodone combination products more difficult to obtain and prescribe (Congressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida, 2014). Sociocultural There are more than just health concerns that have brought this issue to forefront. There have been many studies done that show a direct link to drug abuse and crime. According to the Bureau of Justice, 30% of offenders in state detention facilities stated that they would likely commit crimes in order to get money for drugs (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2004). In Florida, at least 7 people die daily from prescription drug overdoses (Congressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida, 2014) and at least 75 people die daily nationwide (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). Crime and drug overdoses are just a few of the sociocultural considerations that caused Congressman Buchanan to introduce H.R. 1285. Ethical One ethical implication that pushes H.R. 1285 to the forefront of legislation is that because hydrocodone is a prescription medication, prescribers have an ethical responsibility to assist in combatting the misuse and abuse of this drug (Hamburg, 2014). H.R. 1285 is not designed to make it more difficult for patients with a legitimate need to obtain the medication but it is designed to assist the providers in making better educated decisions when prescribing medications that have such a high potential for abuse (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). Economic Economic factors that have made this issue important is not necessarily related to the cost of the drug but the cost of the effects of abuse of the drug. â€Å"Prescription opioid abuse costs were about $55.7 billion in 2007. Of this amount, 46% was attributable to workplace costs (e.g., lost productivity), 45% to healthcare costs (e.g., abuse treatment), and 9% to criminal justice costs† (Centers for Disease Control, 2014). In 2010 there were 49 million uninsured people in the United States (US Census Bureau, 2011). Rising healthcare costs and uninsured people need to be a consideration when legislators review H.R. 1285. Political/Legislative H.R. 1285 has been assigned to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the House Committee on Judiciary (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). The House Committee on Energy and Commerce has the responsibility of reviewing the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) ability to establish the effectiveness and safety of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the United States (Longest Jr., 2010). The House Committee on Judiciary has jurisdiction over revision to existing codes so it has an important role regarding amending the existing drug scheduling (United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, 2014). Despite the fact that both committees have a Republican majority, there has still been no movement on this bill. Difficulties Encountered H.R. 1285 was introduced on March 20, 2013 by Florida Republican Representative Vern Buchanan (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). This bill has 54 co-sponsors of which 32 are Republican and 22 are Democrat (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone a Schedule II Drug, 2013). H.R. 1285 has been referred to the House Committee of Judiciary and the House Committee of Energy and Commerce and the committee chair makes the determination on whether the bill moves forward (H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug, 2013). One difficulty noted in regards to H.R. 1285 is the fact that there has been no action taken since its introduction to Congress. There is no optimistic timeline to predict if H.R. 1285 is going to be passed. Speaking pess imistically, H.R. 1285 will not pass at all. As of October 6, 2014 a Drug Enforcement Administration’s (DEA) ruling took effect that is essentially in the same spirit as H.R. 1285 (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). This ruling reschedules hydrocodone from a schedule III drug to a schedule II drug (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). Since the DEA has already changed the schedule of hydrocodone and it has already been implemented, there is no need for further movement of H.R. 1285. Stakeholders in the passage of H.R. 1285 include physicians, pharmacists, advanced practice nurses, long term care (LTC) facilities and patients. LTC facilities have been especially vocal on this topic due to the fact they believe that any further regulation or change in the scheduling of certain narcotics will have a negative effect on patients in their facilities and the ease in which these patients will have access to them (Garrison Mitty, 2010). Nurses who work in these types of facil ities are encouraging others to join professional organizations and write to their legislators to make their voices heard (Garrison Mitty, 2010). Effects Some positive effects of H.R. 1285 are increased awareness for prescribers of the dangers of opioid dependence related to hydrocodone and a decrease in â€Å"doctor shopping† related to the tighter regulation and monitoring of hydrocodone (Phillips, 2013). Negatives of H.R. 1285 include increased difficulty for patients in LTC facilities to access physicians and obtain prescriptions needed to adequately address their pain needs (Garrison Mitty, 2010). Because of the tighter prescriber restrictions related to refills and the types of prescriptions accepted, those who reside in LTC facilities could have to wait longer to receive refills on much needed pain medication (Garrison Mitty, 2010). International The U.K. has similar problems to the U.S. when it comes to prescription drug abuse (Weisburg et al., 2014). The U.K. has the Health Act of 2006 which created Accountable Officers that track and audit the prescriptions written (Weisburg et al., 2014). The U.K. also has trialed a real-time monitoring system to be able to monitor irregular prescribing practices for certain drugs (Weisburg et al., 2014). Although it was only a trial of a computerized system, it showed great promise in assisting real-time monitoring of prescriptions written. Change to the Bill As with anything, there are always improvements that could be made. One way to refine H.R. 1285 is to implement mandatory education for prescribers. Requiring education in areas of opioid pain management, pain management alternatives and safe prescribing practices is one way that could improve policy outcomes (Weisburg et al., 2014). Another improvement that could be made is by establishing a universal standard to pain management and the dispensing of medication because by using a universal standard, improved outcomes can be expected (Gourlay et al., 2005). Another way to improve H.R. 1285 would be to include a plan to implement a national prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). Many states already have a PDMP in place but it only monitors statewide activity (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). In order for a PDMP to be effective, it would need to be nationwide and offer up to date information (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). Conclusions H.R. 1285 is a bill introduced to Congress to change the schedule of hydrocodone from a schedule III to a schedule II drug. Congressman Vern Buchanan introduced this bill because of the growing drug epidemic he witnessed in his home state of Florida (Congressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida, 2014). He describes seeing more pain management clinics that dispense prescriptions for drugs than McDonald’s restaurants (Congressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida, 2014). Although H.R. 1285 was referred to two separate committees, the likelihood that the bill will be passed is very slim. There has been no further action taken on the bill by either committee. Prescribers, patients and LTC facilities have a stake in whether or not H.R. 1285 passes. All have concerns regarding difficulty in prescribing medication to those who truly need it and maintaining access for the patients who are living in a LTC facilities. Due to the recent ruling of the DEA that changed hydrocodone conta ining products from a schedule III drug to a schedule II drug, it seems unnecessary for H.R. 1285 to move forward (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2014). References Bureau of Justice Statistics 2004 Bureau of Justice StatisticsBureau of Justice Statistics (2004). Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.bjs.gov 201410091059041289595843 Centers for Disease Control 2014 Prescription Drug Overdose in the United States: Fact SheetCenters for Disease Control (2014, July 3). Prescription Drug Overdose in the United States: Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov 20141009115559483260035 Congressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida 2014 Congressman Vern Buchanan representing FloridaCongressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida (2014). Congressman Vern Buchanan representing Florida. Retrieved from http://www.buchanan.house.gov 201410091015471184166312 DEA Issues Info 2012 American Association of Nurse PractitionersDEA Issues Info (2012, June). American Association of Nurse Practitioners. Retrieved from http://www.aanp.org 20141008133918138817310 Drug Enforcement Administration 2014 Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of hydrocodone combination products from Schedule III to Schedule IIDrug Enforcement Administration (2014, August 22). Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of hydrocodone combination products from Schedule III to Schedule II. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://federalregister.gov/a/2014-19922 20141009113706118370533 Drug-Related Hospital Emergency Room Visits 2011 National Institue of Drug AbuseDrug-Related Hospital Emergency Room Visits (2011). National Institute of Drug Abuse. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.drugabuse.gov 20141008130227593245745 Garrison K Mitty E 2010 Pain management and the U.S. Department of Justice.Garrison, K., Mitty, E. (2010). Pain management and the U.S. Department of Justice. Geriatric Nursing, 31(3), 214-219. 20141009140312276748895 Gourlay D Heit H Almahrezi A 2005 Universal precautions in pain medicine: A rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain.Gourlay, D., Heit, H., Almahrezi, A. (2005). Universal precautions in pain medicine: A rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. American Academy of Pain Medicine, 6(2), 107-112. 201410091514541512988925 Hamburg M A 20140403 FDA Commissioner Margaret A. Hamburg statement on prescription opioid abuseHamburg, M. A. (2014, April 3). FDA Commissioner Margaret A. Hamburg statement on prescription opioid abuse. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://www.fda.gov 20141009112410159525513 HR 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug 2013H.R. 1285-113th Congress: To Amend the Controlled Substances Act to Make Any Substance Containing Hydrocodone A Schedule II Drug (2013). Retrieved from http://www.govtrack.us 20141008132123465403199 Longest B B 2010 Health policymaking in the United StatesLongest Jr., B. B. (2010). Health policymaking in the United States (5th ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press. 201410091217191092675209 Phillips J 2013 Prescription drug abuse: problem, policies and implications.Phillips, J. (2013). Prescription drug abuse: problem, policies and implications. Nursing Outlook, 61, 78-84. 201410091423161519538522 United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee 2014 United States House of Representatives Judiciary CommitteeUnited States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee (2014). United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee. Retrieved from http://www.judiciary.house.gov 201410091227131141156554 US Census Bureau 2011 Overview of Uninsured in the United States: A study of the 2011 current population surveyUS Census Bureau (2011, September). Overview of Uninsured in the United States: A study of the 2011 current population survey. Retrieved October 8, 2014, from http://hhs.gov 201410091201171076915503 US Code: Title 21-Food and Drugs 2012 Legal Information InstituteU.S. Code: Title 21-Food and Drugs (2012, January 14). Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu 20141008143645967177272 Weisburg D Becker W Fiellin D Stannard C 2014 Prescription opioid misuse in the United States and the United Kingdom: Cautionary lessons.Weisburg, D., Becker, W., Fiellin, D., Stannard, C. (2014). Prescription opioid misuse in the United States and the United Kingdom: Cautionary lessons. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20141009144237381562709

Nostradamus: The Truth Behind the Prophecies Essay -- Prophecy Prophet

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Many years scholars and interpreters have been trying to find any truth that could possibly be found in the writings of Nostradamus. For many occasions people have been convinced that this man could see the future and he documented it in his many journals and books titled The Centuries. The writings and prophecies have been a controversial issue for many years. Most Nostradomus translators have more than likely misinterpreted his work because of his nearly illegible style of writings, thus false information is commonly found about this man of the past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus, a French Jew converted to Christian who lived in France in the 16th century. Born Michel de Nostredame on December 14th 1503 in St. Remy, France. He was the oldest of five children. His grandfather, Jean, taught him Latin, Greek, Hebrew, mathematics and astrology at an early age. Nostradamus received a medical degree in 1529 and became a physician. â€Å"Nostradamus made his reputation as a doctor of extraordinary skill gave generously to the poor.† (Sobel B)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus was in his late when he frequently went into a meditative state and reported to have visions of the future. He began to document his visions in a number of journals in a mixture of Latin, French, and Greek quatrains, publishing his famous â€Å"Centuries† in 1558. Nostradamus had married twice, losing his first wife and children to the plague. Living in France from 1503-1566 AD, making a living as a wealthy French astrologer and physician, Nostradamus led an almost perfect life for his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Frechman also predicted his own death which occurred on July 2, 1566. I t was the end of his foretelling the future on this planet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  De retour d`ambassade, don de roy mis au lieu,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plus n1en fera: sera alle a Dieu   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parans plus proches, amis, freres du sang,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trouve tout mort pres du lict et du banc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When translated:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his return from the embassy, having secured the kings gift,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He will be no more, (his spirit) having returned to God,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nearby will be his close family, his friends and his brothers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He will be found dead near the bed and the bench.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus returned to his home late in the day returning from a visit of the king for which he was presented with three hundred gold crowns. After being worn out from the carriage ride home he decided t... ... predictions are fake many do believe that he could accurately predict the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lets just think for a second, What could I predict for the future that will ensure my prediction to come true? The first thing that I would do is predict something to happen with fire. Come on how many events in the past, present, and future result in a fire? I would also predict it to happen in a large city like our ever so brilliant Nostradamus. Answer this, how many things have happened in the city as result to fire. Eventually it would come true and Nostradamus was no dummy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is it wrong to assume that Nostradamus could in fact predict the future? From the information gathered it is easy to come to the conclusion that the writings of Nostradamus can no more tell the future than a child’s nursery rhyme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A prediction that can only be interpreted after the events it supposedly foresees have occurred is not a â€Å"predition† at all. Anyone could spew out a thousand vague â€Å"prophecies† and not have to explain what they meant until after the events they supposedly predicted had occurred. With this it is possible for anyone to manage a pretty impressive record for accuracy too.

Define an SLA and state why it is required in a risk adverse organization Essay

1. This is a closed-book, closed-notes quiz. No reference material (including assignments and labs) will be permitted for use during the quiz session. 2. The quiz contains the following types of questions: * Short essay type 3. Place your answers in the space immediately following each question. Quiz Questions 1. Define an SLA and state why it is required in a risk adverse organization. A SLA is a service level agreement, which is a contract between the ISP and the company. A SLA gives the company an idea of how much time they will be without services, should something happen with the ISP. A SLA is important to a company in making recovery plans, knowing what critical systems need to be available for a continuance of business and formulation of disaster recovery. 2. Using the user domain, define risks associated with users and explain what can be done to mitigate them. The user domain has several risk’s involved, as people are involved and there is no way employees can be monitored without the use of CCTV. Social engineering a person trying to obtain information through malicious means. The greatest tool in mitigating risk in the user domain is training and reminders for users to be aware of their surroundings. No acceptable user’s policy, AUP, or lack of training employees on the correct usage of the network. User accounts left active, if the employee is terminated, and another employee has the log on credentials. Mitigation would to be disabling all user accounts upon termination. . 3. Using the workstation domain, define risks associated within that domain and explain what can be done to reduce risks in that domain. The use of USB’s or disk, the files could contain viruses and infect other files or applications on the network. No acceptable user’s policy, AUP, or lack of training employees on the correct usage of the network. The users staying signed into their accounts when leaving their desk. Session timeout would help with this risk, but training and follow up with need to be done as well. 4. List four compliance laws or regulations or mandates, and explain them. HIPAA- covers all healthcare industries and states all patient information must be encrypted in storage, transmissions, and restrictions on access to the information. SOX- cover all publically traded companies and require auditing of the accounting procedures of the business. The reports required by SOX are reported to the SEC. Access to the financial information is restricted and based on need to know. FISMA- covers government agencies and is to ensure all assets of the government are protected. Assets like information, operations and actual machinery are protected from hackers or internal threats. Guidelines to develop a security guideline for government agencies, requires regular audits. CIPA-Child Internet Protection Act- covers federally funded entities’ than provide internet services to individuals, schools and libraries. The Act requires content filters to be used to prevent children from being exposed to harmful content, pornography and illicit sites on the internet. 5. Define risk with a formula. Explain what each variable means. Risk= Threat x Vulnerability- Threat is any compromise in the network that can be used for malicious behavior, an example worm, or Trojan horse. Vulnerability- is a weakness in the software or OS of a network that can be exploited for malicious intent. The two multiplied equals a risk to the information, assets or intellectual property of a business.

The Great Gatsby By Baz Luhrmann - 1290 Words

Lost in The Valley of Ashes Baz Luhrmann’s 2013 highly anticipated rendition of the poignant love story The Great Gatsby, is awarded for his sumptuous sets, glamorous costumes and of course his venerable casting. However, does the intricate Baz Lurhman successfully convey the complex themes in Fitzgerald’s classic? Rachel Spackman scrutinizes and compares the latest films’ rendition of the novel. Baz Luhrmann’s extravagant production of the classic ‘The Great Gatsby’ is filled with lavish visual displays, gaudy costuming and esteemed casting. However, behind the fame and opulence of this extravagant adaptation, Luhrmann fails to highlight the true eminence of the classic and is lost in the valley of ashes. Revered on the list of â€Å"100 Best Novels of the Twentieth Century† and fundamental virtue for educationalists, F. Scott Fitzgerald has successfully enlightened the literature world with his classic, ‘The Great Gatsby’. The 1925 depiction of The Great American Dream is a classic evocative literary of triumph and tragedy that captures the thematic decline of the 1920s and upper class society. Luhrmann’s over-the-top, loud and lavish event film sublimely captures the ambiance of the classic novel, but unfortunately not its heart and soul, preferring style over substance. Luhrmann’s 2013 rendition fails to convey the themes as revealed in the novel. Themes of the hollowness of upper class status and the Great American Dream are profusely demonstrated in Fitzgerald’sShow MoreRelatedBaz Luhrmann s The Great Gatsby934 Words   |  4 Pagesour learning in class. Baz Luhrmann’s The Great Gatsby, Curtis Hanson’s L.A. Confidential, and Andrà © De Toth’s film House of Wax are those three films I feel would be the perfect ones. Baz Luhrmann’s film The Great Gatsby is base on Nick Carraway moving to New York and meeting Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is famous around since during this time they had a lot of restrictions on many things, and he became famous for having party and providing them with these certain items. Luhrmann film has a lot of characteristicsRead MoreBaz Luhrmann s Film Adaptation Of F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1649 Words   |  7 PagesBaz Luhrmann’s 2013 film adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald novel, The Great Gatsby is exceptional in my point of view. The novel is about a young man named Jay Gatsby who had fallen in love with a woman named Daisy but at the first time they met, they were unable to stay together because of World War 1. Around the 1920’s, they were reunited through the assistance of Nick Carraway who was Daisy’s cousin, Gatsby’s neighbour, and the narrator and Gatsby tried everything in his power to make Daisy fallRead MoreEssay about Moulin Rouge vs. the Great Gatsby621 Words   |  3 PagesRouge vs. The Great Gatsby Apart from having the same director, Baz Luhrmann, Moulin Rouge and The Great Gatsby have an astounding amount of similarities. They are both passionate love stories with similar characters in coinciding roles. Although the two movies are set in the early 1900s and 1920s, they use modern music to captivate the audience’s interest. Baz Luhrmann has a knack for making colorful romantic thrillers, and it certainly shows in Moulin Rouge and The Great Gatsby. In the twoRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald1296 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Gatsby Told by Nick Caraway, and written by Scott F. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby is a classic novel that gives readers a glimpse inside the lives of the wealthy during the roaring 20s. The story follows the lives of Jay Gatsby, a man of new money, Daisy Buchanan, a married girl of old money, and Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s deceitful husband. Jay Gatsby is a man of mystery, with seemly unlimited funds, who throws ridiculous outrageous parties for no apparent reason. It’s learned that he hasRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1074 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s 1925 American novel entitled The Great Gatsby is an outstanding novel that follows the summer of 1922 story of a cast of characters who live in the prosperous Long Island. Directed by Baz Luhrmann, the 2013 film adaption of The Great Gatsby is a traditional, yet slightly radical translation of the novel. The film keeps the majority of the novel’s aspects, but some changes needed to be ma de in order for the film to be more appropriate for the modern audience. Some of the changesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1440 Words   |  6 Pagesis The Great Gatsby. It is a film that explores different kinds of relationships in women and men, and with the use of specific film elements, it puts a twist on the common love story. The film The Great Gatsby utilizes mise-en-scene, character development, and plot to show the estrangement of the main character, Jay Gatsby, from his peers. This is what leads to an uncommon story of boy falling in love with girl. The Mise-En-Scene in The Great Gatsby is one of the main ways Baz Luhrmann, the directorRead MoreDifferences Between The Movie And The Book The Great Gatsby1045 Words   |  5 PagesWhile reading the praised book The Great Gatsby, authored by F. Scott Fitzgerald, details of characterization was present. The reading was a glamourous book catching all readers eyes. While being wed, Daisy reconnected with Gatsby after 5 years, without seeing each other, through her cousin, Nick. She once had an ardent love with Gatsby before he went off to War. He was a poor man and had to stay in combat longer than expected. Thus, leading Daisy to have no choice but to move on in her life andRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Great Gatsby 1508 Words   |  7 PagesRhetorical Analysis for the movie The Great Gatsby In the film of The Great Gatsby, based on the novel, Director, Baz Luhrmann shares the elaborate tale of the infamous Jay Gatsby. Taking place in the era of the 1920’s, also known as the roaring twenties, Luhrmann is able to bring the film to life by constructing breathtaking scenery creating a glamorous environment full of ecstasy in order to make the modern day audience get a feel for what life in that time period would have been like today. ThoughRead MoreGreat Gatsby Film Analysis Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby Film Analysis The 2013 drama/romance movie, The Great Gatsby, is the second movie adaption made based off the novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Co-written and directed by Baz Luhrmann, this film received both glory and criticism upon its release. The Great Gatsby is well known for its â€Å"Gatsby era† as well as the love encircled between money and power. Without the glitz and glam of this story in conjunction with the forever love Jay Gatsby, a millionaire known for hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Film Review Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Great Gatsby† (2013) Film Review The 2013 movie adaptation of ‘The Great Gatsby† certainly steps out of the cozy boundaries of the novella of less than two hundred pages by F. Scott Fitzegerald with its gaudy attitude and fast-paced scenes that at the same time is quite picturesque and full of details reproduced to match the prose that has been written. Some lovers of the classic might be horrified at the big top-esque film that Baz Luhrmann has made it into, for this director is no stranger

Supply Chain Management Systems ( Scm ) Systems - 1776 Words

Supply Chain Management Systems Supply chain management (SCM) systems have been a new and steady buzz word from late last century up to today. Large companies depend on SCM systems to reduce cost and increase revenue. This article explores the relevant use of SCM systems in today’s business world through different means of analysis, such as SCM performance, variables associated with cost and revenues, and business, supplier and customer relationships. It advocates for their use and provide quantitative analytics to support their position. Claim This article claims that suppliers and buyers are inextricably tied together in acquiring raw materials, creating finished goods, and selling products to the consumer, all while measuring†¦show more content†¦Their warrant implies that when an ideal and predictable product-driven business effectively implements and uses a SCM system, its future tends to be more profitable (Ramdas Spekman, 2000, p. 3). This warrant tends to be inherently true for most businesses in ideal operating conditions of consistent demand and supplier relationships. Its warrant is further judicious since it is not broadly stating all businesses, but rather captures the intent of a business with steady demand in place and a long term deliverable product for consumers. This warrant cannot be trumped due to the fact it is currently a unique business operating concept that is very in depth in all facets of a business model from inception to sale of a given product (Booth, Colomb, Williams, 1995, pp. 15 6-158). Research Methodology Before one can deduce the reason and evidence associated with each claim in this article, one must understand the research method behind it all. This article is very clear in data collection. It surveyed six broad industry groups across three different continents by utilizing a questionnaire, in which it had a 75% response rate, of which, 85% were valid. Within this sample of six industries were customer firms, suppliers, and operations and marketing personnel. They distributed the results of the data into six categories that focused on inventory, time, order fulfillment, quality, customer focus, and customer satisfaction (Ramdas

Rhetorical Analysis Inventing The University - 1824 Words

The rhetorical situation is defined as the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of restraints. While this may be true, there are many interpretations and versions of these situations. In David Bartholomae’s text, â€Å"Inventing the University,† he explains the situation of college students learning to fit the requirements of their college professors. Another author named Kevin Davis formulated an essay titled, â€Å"Does Coming to College Mean Becoming Someone New,† explores a similar situation of university students in terms of their commitments and changes they make to succeed in college. Bartholomae’s rhetorical situation is persuading college professors to understand that students have a problem with†¦show more content†¦This could easily be seen as a negligible problem, but the authors could feel otherwise. A question that comes to mind when analyzing these writings is, â€Å"what kind of discourse does each writing piece fall into?† Discourse can be separated into three categories. Which are judicial, deliberative, and epideictic. Bartholomae uses epideictic discourse as well as deliberative discourse throughout his writing. He says, â€Å"He has to invent the university by assembling and mimicking its language† (45). Davis shares a similar concept as Bartholomae, by stating, â€Å"They wanted me to make their sense of the literature, to understand the texts as they understood them†¦I also had to learn a particular way of reading and writing† (80). Both men have the same idea with current academia, but they are on opposite sides. Bartholomae believes that while writing in unfamiliar ways, students learn to become expert writers with practice. Davis explains the same scenario but believes that change isn’t necessarily needed, and certain changes made by students could be devastating in their lives. When analyzing the discourse made by these two authors, it is apparent that both Bartholomae and Davis are speaking from an epideictic and deliberative standpoint. They speak on a current issue that students are having and discuss ways to attack this problem in the future with examples. Since both Bartholomae and Davis areShow MoreRelatedThe Six Course Goals Of This English 109w Course Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess that includes planning, revision, and editing based on feedback from peers and instructors; Critically read and analyze academic texts; Understand, identify, and analyze the rhetorical situations of academic texts, including their contexts, audiences, purposes and personas; Understand, identify, and analyze the rhetorical situations of academic texts, which may include genre, format, evidence, citation, style and organization; Develop an awareness of and preparedness for the writing they will doRead MoreDiscourse on Method Essay example3627 Words   |  15 PagesDiscourse on Method Heuresis (or invention) comprises, as Richard Lanham notes, the first of the five traditional parts of rhetorical theory, concerned with the finding and elaboration of arguments (1991: 91). In Aristotles Rhetoric the category of heuresis included the kinds of proof available to the rhetorician, lists of valid and invalid topoi, as well as the various commonplaces the rhetorician might touch upon - loci or stereotypical themes and observations (time flies) appropriateRead MoreEssay on Being Unprepared for Adult Learning1693 Words   |  7 Pagessupposed to be reading. Rose could not get past his prejudices towards the literature and really read into what he was supposed to be learning. This closely models what John Tagg, Professor or Art History and Comparative Literature at Binghamton University, declares when he writes of the need to learn in a â€Å"qualitative way as opposed to a quantitative way†. (Tagg 4) However, this is not an excuse for not learning how to do these types of exercise. Qualitative learning is gathering information thatRead Moreen1320 graded assignments 11131313296 Words   |  54 PagesAssignment 2: Reflection on Essay Writing 14 Unit 3 Exercise 1: Analyzing Paragraphs 15 Unit 3 Exercise 2: Guided Reading 16 Unit 4 Lab 1: Revised and Polished Essay—Memoir or Profile 21 Unit 4 Project Part 1: Team Roles and Selection of Materials for Analysis 22 Unit 4 Assignment 1: Rà ©sumà © 24 Unit 4 Assignment 2: Cover Letter 25 Unit 4 Exercise 1: Guided Reading 26 Unit 5 Assignment 1: Genre Essay—Proposal Draft 33 Unit 5 Assignment 2: Peer Review Feedback Form 34 Unit 5 Exercise 1: Guided Reading 35Read MoreTextual Analysis of Writing Guides3516 Words   |  15 Pagesonce the teaching of composition was left primarily to English teachers, there are now other sources—namely reference guides on writing—that claim to have the formula for success. There are a number of publishers who have capitalized on employing rhetorical strategies of sarcasm and humor to gain a larger share of the reference guide market. In this paper I will examine a few of these writing guides—specifically: Barron’s Painless Writing, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Writing Well, and Research PapersRead More «Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland »7735 Words   |  31 PagesMINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT LEXICAL AND STYLISTIC DEVICES IN LEWIS CAROLL’S NOVEL  «ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND » COURSE PAPER PRESENTED BY Read MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesplease visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, CompareRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 Pagesmethods, and levels of analysis. Some of the major ways of division are into modern, symbolic, and postmodern or micro organizational behavior—which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting and macro strategic management and organizational theory which studies whole organizations and industries. 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Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizat ions, including chapters on phenomenology, criticalRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesa cult icon 2.3 Video case study: TOMS Shoes Questions for discussion References viii CONTENTS 3 Internationalization theories Learning objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Uppsala internationalization model 3.3 The transaction cost analysis model 3.4 The network model 3.5 Internationalization of SMEs 3.6 Born globals 3.7 Internationalization of services 3.8 Summary Case studies 3.1 Cryos: they keep the stork busy around the world 3.2 Classic Media: internationalization of Postman Pat

Ethics and Law of Negligence

Question: Whether Aldi Supermarkets is negligent for the losses caused to Tamara and Can Aldi Supermarkets protect itself by availing the defense under the law of negligence? Answer: Relevant Law As per the given facts, the present problem is related to law of negligence. As per the law of negligence, every person is duty bound to act in a manner so that no harm is caused to anybody else. A person can be held liable under the law of negligence when there is breach of duty of care by him and such breach results in damage to any third person. Law of negligence was developed in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). In Donoghue case, a wrongdoer has duty towards anybody who is his neighbor. A neighbor is a person who can be affected by the acts of the wrongdoer regardless he is known or stranger to the wrongdoer. (RN Moles, 2016) So, a wrongdoer can be held liable under the law of negligence when there is duty of care casted and such duty is breached and due to such breach an injury is caused to the innocent. (P Latimer, 2012) The basic essentials to prove negligence are: 1.Duty of care - Duty of care implies the duty fastened upon the wrongdoer so that his acts may not cause damage to anybody. The defendant is duty bound to take precautions so that his acts may not cause damage to any third party. The duty of the wrongdoer is to provide the care (Sullivan v Moody (2001). But, the duty can be imposed when the damage which can be caused by the acts of the wrongdoer is reasonably foreseeable by him, then, it is duty of the wrongdoer to provide such level of care to protect other from being affected by his acts. In case if the damage caused is not reasonably foreseeable then the duty to protect third party for such acts of wrongdoer cannot be fastened upon him (Burnie Port Authority v General Jones [1994]. Also, the duty is only imposed against those innocents who are the neighbors of the wrongdoer, that is, they are closely and proximately associated with each other ((Wyong Shire Council v Shirt[1980]). (Tomasic Et.al, 2002). 2.Breach of duty of care - In case when the duty is fastened upon the wrongdoer is not taken care of by him and he acts without taking any caution, then, the duty of care is said to be breached. In case where the wrongdoer had taken care but the standard of care taken by him is not adequate, then, the duty of care is said to be breached by him (R v Patel[2010]. This duty of care upon the wrongdoer is different and is dependent upon the circumstances. (Atkins et al., 2014) The duty of care is said to breached when the wrongdoer does not acts in the way he should had been and such acts of wrongdoer harming the third party are reasonably foreseeable and are not remote. (Atkins et al., 2014) Resultant Damage- There must be resultant damage to the third person by the acts of the wrongdoer i.e. the damage must be due to the acts of the wrongdoer and nothing else (Hodgkinson v Simms (1994). There must be proximity between the acts of the wrongdoer and the damage caused to the injured due to breach of duty of care by the wrongdoer (Naxakis v Western General Hospital (1999). The wrongdoer is only liable for the foreseeable damages caused to the injured and the injured can only be claim under the law of negligence when the damage caused to him is due to the breach of duty of care that was with the wrongdoer and he did not took care of the same. (Prue V, 2000) But, a wrongdoer in order to safeguard himself has certain defenses that are: 1.Volunti non fit Injuria - As per the maxim volunti non foit injuria, a wrongdoer is not liable in case when the injured inspire of knowing about the danger assents to the same. In such cases when the injury is caused to the injured then he cannot hold the wrongdoer liable. 2.Contributory negligence - As per contributory negligence, if the injured is also responsible for his injury, then, in such cases the compensation to the injured is given accordingly and after analyzing negligence on the part of the innocent and the wrongdoer. The wrongdoer is proportionately liable to the injured and is only responsible for his part of negligence (Kalokerinos v Burnett[1996]. These legal principles are now applied to the facts of the case. Application of law It is submitted that Aldi Supermarket must make good the losses that are suffered by Tamara because Supermarket owns a duty of care against Tamara. The duty of care exits because Tamara and Supermarket are very closely associated with each other as all the acts of Supermarket will fall upon Tamar directly and thus Tamara is the neighbor of the store. Also, the impact of Aldi Supermarket actions is reasonably foreseeable and thus the store must provide protection to Tamara. This indicates that there is duty of care which Supermarket must provide to Tamara. But, this duty is not fully performed because the staff of the store was cleaning the aisle only after 40 minutes which is not an adequate kind of care because the store is continuously visited by various customers and the cleaning must be at more regular interval. So the level of standard is not met and because of this breach, injury is suffered by Tamara. So, the store is fully negligent in its action but it can take the defense of contributory negligence because Tamara was running very fast because of which she fell with high speed and the injury which is caused to her is also very high because of her contribution. So, Aldi Supermarket can seek the defense to mitigate its liability. Conclusion It is advised to Tamara that she can sue the store for negligence because the duty to provide care to Tamara was not performed by the store as the aisle was slippery and no action was undertaken by the store to mitigate this danger against it6s customers. This breach has caused injuries to Tamara and thus Tamara has every right to sue the store. But, the store can prove that Tamara was running very fast which has contributed to her loss and thus can seek the defense of contributory negligence. References Articles/Journals/Books Atkins et al. (2014) Ethics and Law for Australian Nurses. Cambridge University Press. R N Moles (2016) Law Reports, McAlister or Donoghue (Pauper) v. Stevenson (1932). P Latimer (2012) Australian Business law, CCH Australia Limited. Tomasic Et.al, Corporations Law in Australia (2002). Federation Press. Vines P, (2000) UNSWLawJl 25. Case Law Burnie Port Authority v General Jones [1994] HCA 13. Donohue v Stevenson (1932). Hodgkinson v Simms (1994). Naxakis v Western General Hospital (1999) 197 CLR. Kalokerinos v Burnett[1996]. R v Patel[2010] QSC 68 Sullivan v Moody [2001] HCA 59. Wyong Shire Council v Shirt[1980] HCA 12.

Wild Life free essay sample

WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT INTRODUCTION The wild life laws have a long history and is the culminative result of an increasing awareness of the compelling need to restore the catastrophic ecological imbalances introduced by the depridations inflicted on nature by human being. The earliest codified law can be traced to 3rd Centuary B. C. when Ashoka, the King of Maghadha, enacted a law in the matter of preservation of wild life and environment. But, the first codified law in India which heralded the era of laws for the wild life and protection was enacted in the year 1887 by the British and was titled as the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1887 (10 of 1887). This Act enabled the then Government to frame rules prohibiting the possession or sale of any kinds of specified wild birds, which have been killed or taken during the breeding season. Again the British Government in the year 1912 passed the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912 (8 of 1912) as the Act of 1887 proved to be inadequate for the protection of wild birds and animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Wild Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Act of 1912 was amended in the year 1935 by the Wild Birds and Animals Protection (Amendment) Act, 1935 (27 of 1935). After the Second World War the freedom struggle for India started taking its shape and wild life was relagated to the background. But after independence, the Constituent Assembly in the Draft Constitution placed Protection of Wild Birds and Wild Animals at entry No. 20 in the State List and the State Legislature has been given power to legislate. It was not till late 1960s that the concern for the depleting wild finally aroused. ACT 53 OF 1972 The first comprehensive legislation relating to protection of wild life was passed by the Parliament and it was assented by the President on 9th September, 1972 and came to be known as The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972). LIST OF AMENDING ACTS 1. The constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. 2. The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1982 (23 of 1982). . The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1986 (28 of 1986) 4. The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1991 (44 of 1991). 5. The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1993 (26 of 1993). THE WILD LIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 (53 of 1927) [9th September, 1972] An Act to provide for the protection of 1[wild animals, birds and plants] and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. 2[* * *] CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title, extent and commencement. (1) This Act may be called Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. 3[(2) It extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. ] 3) It shall come into force in a State or Union Territory to which it extends, 4[* * *] on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act or for different States or Union territories. 2. Definitions. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,- (1) animal includes amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles and their young, and also includes, in the cases of birds and reptiles, their eggs; (2) animal article means an article made from any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, and includes an article or object in which the whole or any part of such animal 5[has been used, and ivory imported into India and article made therefrom]; 6[* * *] 4) Board means the Wild Life Advisory Board constituted under s ub-section (1) of section 6; (5) captive animal means any animal, specified in Sechedule I, Schedule II, Schedule III or Schedule IV, which is captured or kept or bred in captivity; 6[* * *] (7) Chief Wild Life Warden means the person appointed as such under clause (a) of sub-section 4. [(7A) circus means an establishment, whether stationary or mobile, where animals are kept or used wholly or mainly for the purpose of performing tricks or manoeuvres;] (8) closed area means the area which is declared under sub-section (1) of section 37 to be closed to hunting; (9) Collector means the chief officer in charge of the revenue administration of a district; (10) commencement of this Act, in relation to- a) a state, means commencement of this Act in that State, (b) any provision of this Act, means the commencement of that provision in the concerned State; (11) dealer means any person who carries on the business of buying and selling any captive animal article, trophy, uncured trophy 1[meat or specified plant]; (12) Director means the person appointed as Director of Wild Life Preservation under clause (a) sub-section (1) of section 3; 2[(12A) Forest Officer means the Forest Officer appointed under clause (2) of section 2 of the indian Forest Act, 1927;] 3[* * *] 14) Government property means any property referred to in section 39; 2[or section 17H;] (15) habitat includes land, water or vegetation which is the natural home of any wild animal; (16) hunting, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, includes,- (a) capturing, killing, poisoning, snaring and trapping of any wild animal and every attempt to do so, (b) driving any wild animal for any of the purposes specified in sub-clause (a), (c) injuring or destroying or taking any part of the body of any such animal or, in the case of wild birds or reptiles, damaging the eggs of such birds or reptiles or distrubing the eggs or nests of such birds of reptiles; (17) land includes canals, creeks and other wate r chanels, reservoirs, rivers, steamsand lakes, whether artificial or natural, 1[marshes and wetlands and also includes boulders and rocks]; (18) licence means a licence granted under this Act; [(18A)] lives stock includes buffaloes, bulls, bullocks, camels, cows, donkeys goats, horses, mules, pigs, sheeps, yaks and also their young;] (19) manufacturer means a manufacturer of animal articles; (20) meat includes blood, bones, sinew, eggs, fat and flesh, whether raw or cooked, of any wild animal, other than vermin; (21) National Park means an area declared, whether under setion 35 of section 38, or deemed, under sub-section (3) of section 66, to be declared, as a National Park; (22) notification means a noification published in the Official Gazette; (23) permit means a permit granted under this Act or any rule made thereunder; (24) person includes a firm; (25) prescribed means by rules made under this Act; [(25A) recognised zoo means a zoo recognised under section 38H; (25B) reserve f orest means the forest declared to reserved by the State Governement under section 20 of the Indian Forest Act,1927 (16 of 1927);] (26) sanctuary means an area declared, whether under section 2[26A] or section 66, to be declared as wild life sanctuary; 2[(27) specified plant means any plant specified in Schedule VI;] (28) special game means any animal specified in Schedule II; (29) State Government, in relation to a Union territory, means the Administrator of the Union territory appointed by the President under article 239 of the Constitution; (30) taxidermy, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means the curing, preparation or preservation of trophies; 1[(30A) territorial waters shall have the same meaning as in section 3 of the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zoo and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (80 of 1976);] (31) trophy means the whole or any part of any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, which has been kept or prese rved by any means, whether artificial or natural, and includes- (a) rugs, skins and specimens of such animal mounted in whole or in part through a process of taxidermy, and (b) antler, horn, rhinoceros horn, hair, feather, nail, tooth, musk, eggs and nests; (32) uncured trophy means the whole or any captive animal or wild animal, killed wild animal, ambergris, musk and other animal products]; (33) vehicle means any conveyance used for movement on land, water or air and includes buffalo, bull, bullock, camel, donkey, elephant, horse and mule; (34) vermin means any wild animal specified in Schedule V; (35) weapon includes ammunition, bows and arrows, explosives, firearms, hooks, knives, nets, poison, snares and traps and any instrument or apparatus capable of anaesthetizing, decoying, destroying, injuring or killing an animal; (36) wild animal means any animal found wild in nature and includes any animal specified in Schedule I, Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, Schedule V, wher ever found; (37) wild ife includes any animal, bees, butterflies, crustacea, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which form part of any habitat; (38) Wild Life Warden means the person appointed as such under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 4; 1[(39) zoo means an establishment, whether stationary or mobile, where captive animals are kept for exhibition to the public but does not include a circus and an establishment of a licensed dealer in captive animal. ] CHAPTER II AUTHORITIES TO BE APPOINTED OR CONSTITUTED UNDER THE ACT 3. Appointment of Director and other officers. (1) The Central Government may, for the purposes of this Act, appoint,- (a) A Director of Wild Life Preservation; (b) Assistant Directors of Wild Life Preservation; and (c) such other officers and employees as may be necessary. (2) In the performance of his duties and exercise of his powers by or under this Act, the Director shall be subject to such general or special directions, as the Central Go vernment may, from time to time, give. 3) The Assistant Directors of Wild Life Preservation and other oficers and employees appointed under this section shall be subordinate to the Director. 4. Appointment of Life Warden and other officers. (1) The State Government may, for the purposes of this Act, appoint,- (a) a Chief Wild Life Warden; (b) Wild Life Wardens; 1[* * *] 2[(bb) one Honorary Wild Life Warden in each district; and] (c) such other officers and employees as may be necessary. (2) In the performance of his duties and exercise of his powers by or under this Act, the Chief Wild Life Warden shall be subject to such general or special directions, as the State Government may, from time to time, give. 3) 3[The Wild Life Warden, the Honorary Wild Life Warden] and other officers and employees appointment under this section shall be subordinate to the Chief Wild Warden. 5. power to delegate. (1) The Director may, with the previous approval of the Central Government , by order in writing, delegate all or any of his powers and duties under this Act to any officer subordinate to him subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order. (2) The Chief Wild Life Warden may, with the previous approval of the State Government by order in writing, delegate all or any of his powers and duties under this Act, except those under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 11, to any officer subordinate to him subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order. 3) Subject to any general or special direction given or condition imposed by the Director of the Chief Wild Life Warden, any person authorised by the Director or the Chief Wild Life Warden to exercise any powers, may exercise those powers in the same manner and to the same effect as if they had conferred on that person directly by this Act and not by way of delegation. COMMENTS Sub-section (2) of section 5 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 gives power to the concerned authorit y to delegate his powers to any of his subordinate officers. Therefore, it could not be be said that another person except the Chief Wild Life Warden or such other officer who has been authorised by the State Government can file a complaint upon which cognizance can be taken; Jagdish Singh v. State of Bihar, (1985) Cri LJ 1314 (Pat). 6. Constitution of Wild Life Advisory Board. (1) The State Government, or in the case of a Union territory, the Administrator, shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Act, constitute a Wild Life Advisory Board consisting of the following members namely :- (a) the Minister in charge of forests in the State or Union territory, or, if there is no such Minister, the Chief Secretary to the Government, or, as the case may be, the Chief Secretary to the Government of the Union territory, who shall be the Chairman; (b) two members of the State Legislature or, in the case of a Union territory having a Legislature, two members of the Legislature o f the Union territory, as the case may be; (c) Secretary to the State Government, or the Government of the Union territory, in charge of forests; 1[(d) the Forest officer in charge of the State Forest Department by whatever designation called, ex officio;] (e) an officer to be nominated by the Director; (f) Chief Wild Life Warden, ex officio; [(g) officers of the State Government not exceeding five; (h) such other persons, not exceeding ten, who, in the opinion of the State Government, are interested in the protection of wild life, including the representatives of tribals not exceeding three. ] 2[(1A) The State Government may appoint a Vice-Chairman of the Board from amongst the members referred to in clauses (b) and (h) of sub-section (1)]. (2) The State Government shall appoint 1[the Forest Officer in charge of the State Forest Department]. (3) The term of office of the members of the Board referred to in clause (g) of sub-section (1) and the manner of filling vacancies among them shall be such as may be prescribed. 4) The members shall be entitled to receive such allowances in respect of expenses incurred in the performance of their duties as the State Government may prescribe. 7. Procedure to be followed by the Board. (1) The Board shall meet at least twice a year at such place as the State Government may direct. (2) The Board shall regulate its own procedure (including the quorum). (3) No act or proceeding of the Board shall be invalid merely by reason of the existence of any vacancy therein or any defect in the constitution thereof or any irregularity in the procedure of the Board not affecting the merits of the case. 8. Duties of Wild Life Advisory Board. It shall be the duty of the Wild Life Advisory Board to advise the State Government,- (a) in the selection of areas to be declared as sanctuaries, National Parks 1[***] and closed areas and the administration thereof; 2[(b) in formulation of the policy for protection and conservation of the wild life and specified plants;] (c) in any matter relating to the amendment of any Schedule; 3[* * *] 4[(cc) in relation to the measures to be taken for harmonising the needs of the tribals and other dwellers of the forest with the protection and conservation of wild life; and] (d) in any other matter connected with the protection of wild life which may be referred to it by the State Government. CHAPTER III HUNTING OF WILD ANIMALS 5[9. Prohibition of hunting. No person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I, II, III and IV except as provided under section 11 and section 12. ] COMMENTS Section 9 of the Act says that no person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I, Elephant is inluded in Schedule I; State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Baig, AIR 1989 SC 1. 6[* * *] 11. Hunting of wild animals to be permitted in certain cases. 1)Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force and subject to the provisions of Chapter IV,- (a) the Chief Wild Life Warden may, if he is satisfied that any wild animal specified in Schedule I has become dangerous to human life or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, by order in writing and stating the reasons therefore, permit any person to hunt such animal or cause such animal to be hunted; (b) the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer may, if he is satisfied that any wild animal specified in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV has become dangerous to human life or to property (including standing crops on any land) or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, by order in writing and stating the reasons therefore, permit any person to hunt such animal or cause such animal to be hunted. 2) The killing or wounding in good faith of any wild animal in defence of oneself or any other person shall not be an offence: Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall exonerate any person who, when such defence becomes necessary, was committing any act in contrave ntion of any provisions of this Act or any rule or order made thereunder. (3) Any wild animal killed or wounded in defence of any person shall be Government property. COMMENTS To decide whether in killing an animal the accused acted in self defence or not, the nature and ferocity of the animal will be relevant. On the basis of the facts and circumstances of the case there can be no doubt that the accused acted in defence of his life and his act did commensurate with defence. Thus in this case of killing the tiger in good faith in defence of oneself it can not be said that the accused was committing any offence prior to shooting the tiger that charged at him. Therefore, the impugned order of conviction and sentence is contrary to the provisions of section 11 of the Act and as such it is liable to be set aside; Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1979 Cri LJ 1404. 12. Grant of permit for special purposes. -Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, it shall be lawful for the Chief Wild Life Warden, to grant 1[* * *] a permit, by an order in writing stating the reasons therefore, to any person, on payment of such fees as may be prescribed, which shall entitle the holder of such permit to hunt subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, any wild animal specified in such permit, for the purpose of,- (a) education; 2[(b) scientific research; (bb) scientific Management. Explaination. For the purposes of clause (bb), the expression, Scientific management means- (i) translocation of any wild animal to alternative suitable habitat; or (ii) population management of wildlife without killing or poisoning or des troying any wild animal;] 3[(c) Collection of specimens- (i) for recognised zoos subject to the permission under section 38-I or (ii) for museums and similar institutions; (d) derivation, collection or preparation of snake-venom for the manufacture of life-saving drugs:] 4[Provided that no such permit shall be granted- (a) in respect of any wild animal specified in Schedule I, except with the previous permission of the Central Government, and (b) in respect of any other wild animal, except with the previous permission of the State Government. ] 1[* * *] CHAPTER IIIA PROTECTION OF SPECIFIED PLANTS 17A. Prohibition of picking , uprooting, etc. of specified plant. Save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, no person shall- (a) wilfully pick, uproot, damage, destroy, acquire or collect any specified plant from any forest land and any area specified, by notification, by the Central Government; (b) posses, sell, offer for sale, or transfer by way to gift or otherwise, or transport any sp ecified plant, whether alive or dead, or part or derivative thereof; Provided that nothing in this section prevent a member of a Scheduled tribe, subject to the provisions of Chapter IV, from picking, collecting or possesing in the district he resides any specified plant or part or derivative thereof for his bona fide personal use. 17B. Grants of permit for special purposes. The Chief Wild Life Warden may, with the previous permission of the State Government, grant to any person a permit to pick, uproot, acquire or collect from a forest land or the area specified under section 17 A or transport, subject to such conditions as may be specified plant for purpose of- (a) education; (b) scientific research; (c) collection, preservation and display in a herbarium of any scientific institution; or (d) propogation by a person or an institution approved by the Central Government in this regard. 17C. Cultivation of specified plants without licence prohibited. (1) No person shall cultivate a specified plant except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden or any other officer authorised by the State Government in this behalf: Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent, who immediaely before the commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) act, 1991, was cultivating a specified plant from carrying on such cultivation for a period of six months from such commencement or where he has made an application within that period for the grant of a licence to him, until the licence is granted to him or he is informed in writing that a licence cannot be granted to him. (2) Every licence granted under this section shall specify the area in which and the conditions, if any, subject to which the licensee shall cultivate a specified plant. 17D. Dealing in specified plants without licence prohibited. (1) No person shall, except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden or any other officer authorise d by the State Government in this behalf, commence or carry on business or occupation as a dealer in a specified plant or part or derivate thereof : Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent a person, who immediately before the commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1991, was carrying on such business or occupation, from carrying on such business or occupation for a period of sixty days from such commencement, or where he has made an application within that period for the grant of a licence to him, until the licence is granted to him or he is informed in writing that a licence cannot be granted to him. (2) Every licence granted under this section shall specify the premises in which and the conditions, if any, subject to which the licensee shall carry on his business. 17E. Declaration of stock. (1) Every person cultivating, or ealing in, a specified plant or part or derivative thereof shall, within thirty days from the date of commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1991 declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden or any other officer authorised by the State Government in his behalf, his stocks of such plants and part or derivative thereof, as the case may be, on the date of such commencement. (2) The provisions of sub-sections (3) to (8) (both inclusive) of section 44, section 45, section 46 and section 47 shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to an application and a licence referred to in section 17C and section 17D as they apply in relation to the licence or business in animals or animal articles. 17F. Prossesion, etc. , of plants by license. -No licensee under this Chapter shall- (a) keep in his control, custody or possession- i) any specified plant, or part or derivative thereof in respect of which a declaration under the provisions of section 17E has to be made but has not been made; (ii) any specified plant, or part or derivative thereof which has not been lawfully acquired under the provisions of this A ct or any rule or order made thereunder; (b) (i) pick, uproot, collect or acquire any specified plant, or (ii) acquire, receive, keep in his control or possession, or sell, offer for sale or transport any specified plant or part or derivative thereof, except in accordance with the conditions subject to which the licence has been granted and such rules as may be made under this Act. 17G. Purchase, etc. of specified plants. No person shall purchase, receive or acquire any specified plant or part or derivative thereof otherwise than from a licensed dealer: Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any person referred to in section 17B. 17H. Plants to be Government property. (1) Every specified plant or part or derivative thereof, in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule order made thereunder has been committed, shall be the property of the State Government, and, where such plant or part or derivative thereof has been collected or acquired from a sanctuar y or National Park declared by the Central Government, such plant or part or derivative thereof shall be the property of the Central Government. (2) The provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 39 shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the specified plant or part or derivative thereof or they apply in relation to wild animals and articles referred to in sub-section (1) of that section. ] CHAPTER IV SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS 1[* * *] AND CLOSED AREAS Sanctuaries 18. Declaration of sanctuary. 2[(1) The State Government may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute any area comprised within any reserve forest or the territorial waters as a sanctuary if it considers that such area is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wild life or its environment. ] (2) The notification referred to in sub-section (1) shall specify, as nearly as possible, the s ituation and limits of such area. Explaination. -For the purposes of this section it shall be sufficient to describe the area by roads, rivers, ridges or other well-known intelligible boundaries. COMMENTS (i) The purpose of the notification declaring the area as Game Reserve under the Rajasthan Wild Animal and Birds Protection Act, 1951; or the declaration of the area as a sanctuary under the notification dated 1. 1. 975 declaring the area as protected forest under the Rajasthan Forest Act, 1953 is to protect the Forest Wealth and Wild Life of the areas; Tarun Bharat Sangh, Alwar v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 514. (ii) The respondents are entitled to declare any area other than area comprised with any reserve forest or territorial waters as a sanctuary as per the provisions of section 18 of the Act, but that can be done only after following the provisions contained in the Act. The respondents can take follow up action for evicting persons from the area falling within the declared s anctuary in accordance with the provisions as contained in CHAPTER IV of the Act. None of this things has been found to be followed by the respondents in passing the orders prejudicially affecting the petitioners. Therefore, the impugned orders are not sustainable in law and accordingly they deserve to be quashed; Jaladhar Chakma v. Deputy Commisioner, Aizwal, Mizoram, AIR1983 Gau 18. 19. Collector to determine rights. 3[When a notification has been issued under section 18] the controller shall inquire into, and determine, the existance, nature and extent of the rights of any person in or over the land comprised within the limits of the sanctuary. 20. Bar of accrual of rights. -After the issue of a notification under section 18, no right shall be acquired in, on or over the land comprised within the limits of the area specified in such notification, except by tastamentary or intestate. 21. Proclamation by Collector. When a notification has been issued under section 18, the collector shall publish in the regional language in every town and village in or in the neighbourhood of the area comprised therein, a proclamation- (a) specifying, as nearly as possible, the situation and the limits of the sanctuary; and (b) requiring any person, claiming any right mentioned in section 19, to prepare before the Collector, within two months from the date of such proclamation, a written claim in the prescribed form, specifying the nature and extent of such right with necessary details and the amount and particulars of compensation, if any, claimed the respect thereof. 22. Inquiry by collector. The Collector shall, after service of the prescribed notice upon the claimant, expeditiously inquire into- (a) the claim preferred before him under clause (b) of section 21, and (b) the existence of any right mentioned in section 19 and not claimed under clause (b) of section 21, so far as the same may be ascertainable from the records of the State Government and the evidence of any person acquainted with the same. 23. Powers of Collector. -For the purpose of such inquiry, the Collector may exercise the following powers, namely:- (a) the power to enter in or upon any land and to survey, demarcate and make a map of the same or to authorise any other officer to do so; (b) the same powers as are vested in a cilvil court for the trial of suits. 24. Acquisition of rights. (1) In the case of a claim to a right in or over any land referred to in section 19, the Collector shall pass an order admitting and rejecting the same in whole or in part, (2) If such claim is admitted in whole or in part, the Collector may either- (a) exclude such land from the limits of the proposed sanctuary, or (b) proceed to acquire such land or rights, except where by an agreement between the owner of such land or holder of rights and the Government, the owner or holder of such rights has agreed to surrender his rights to the Government, in or over such land, and on payment of such compensation, as is provided in the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. 1[(c) allow, in consultation with the Chief Wild Life Warden, the continuation of any right of any person in or over any land within the limits of the sanctuary. ] 25. Acquisition proceedings. (1) For the purpose of acquiring such land, or rights in or over such land,- (a) the Collector shall be deemed to be a Collector, proceeding under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894; (b) the claimant shall be deemed to be a person interested and appearing before him in pursuance of a notice given under section 9 of that Act; (c) the provision of the sections, preceding section 9 of that Act, shall be deemed to have been compiled with; (d) where the claimant does not accept the award made in his favour in the matter of compensation, he shall be deemed, within the meaning of section 18 of the Act, to be a person interested who has not accepted the award, and shall be entitled to proceed to claim relief against the award under the provisions of Part III of that Act; (e) the Collector, with the consent of claimant, or the court, with the consent of both the parties, may award compensation in land or money or partly in land and partly in money; and (f) in the c ase of the stoppage of a public way or a common pasture, the Collector may, with the previous sanction of the State Government, provide for an alternative public way or common pasture, as far as may be practicable or convenient. (2) The acquisition under this Act of any land or interest therein shall be deemed to be acquisition for a public purpose. 26. Delegation of Collectors powers. The State Government may, by general or special order, direct that the powers exercisable or function to be performed by the Collector under sections 19 to 25 (both inclusive) may be exercised and performed by such other officer as may be specified in the order. 1[26A. Declaration of area as sanctuary. -(1) When- (a) a notification has been issued under section 18 and the period for preferring claims has elapsed, and all claims, if any, made in relation to any land in an area intended to be declared as a sanctuary, have been disposed of by the State Government; or (b) any area comprised within any res erve forest or any part of the territorial waters, which is considered by the State Government to be of adequate ecological faunal floral geomorphological, natural or zoological significance for the purpose of protecting, propogating or developing wild life or its environment, is to e included in a sanctuary, the State Government shall issue a notification specifying the limits of the area which shall be comprised within the sanctuary and declare that the said area shall be sanctuary on and from such date as may be specified in the notification: Provided that where any part of the territorial waters is to be so included, prior concurrence of the Central Government shall be obtained by the State Government: Provided further that the limits of the area of the territorial waters to be included in the sanctuary shall be determined in consultation with the Chief Naval Hydrographer of the Central Government and after taking adequate measures to protect the occupational interest of the loc al fishermen. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the right of innocent passage of any vessel or boat through the territorial waters shall not be affected by the notification isued under sub-section (1). (3) No alteration of the boundaries of a sanctuary shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of the state. ] 27. Restriction on entry in sanctuary. (1) No person other than,- (a) a public servant on duty, (b) a person who has been permitted by the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer to reside within the limits of the sanctuary, (c) a person who has any right over immovable property within the limits of the sanctuary, (d) a person passing through the sanctuary along a public highway, and (e) the dependents of the person referred to in clause (a), clause (b) or clause (c), shall enter or reside in the sanctuary, except under and in accordance with the conditions of a peemit granted under section 28. 2) Every person shall, so long as he resides in the sanctuary, be bound- (a) to prevent the commission, in the sanctuary, of an offence against this Act; (b) where there is reason to believe that any such offence against this Act has been committed in such sanctuary, to help in discovering and arresting the offender; (c) to report the death of any wild animal and to safeguard its remains until the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer takes charge thereof; (d) to extinguish any fire in such sanctuary of which he has knowledge or information and to prevent from spreading, by any lawful means in his power, any fire within the vicinity of such sanctuary of which he has knowledge or information; or (e) to assist any Forest Officer, Chief Wild Life Warden, Wild Life Warden or Police Officer demanding his aid for preventing the commission of any offence against this Act or in the investigation of any such offence. [(3) No person shall, with intent to cause demage to any boundary-mark of a sanctuary or to cause wrongful gain as defined in the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), alter, destroy, more or deface such boundary-mark. (4) No person shall tease or molest any wild animal or litter the grounds of sanctuary. ] 28. Grant of permit. -(1) The Chief Wild Life Warden may, on application, grant to any person a permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary for all or any of the following purposes, namely :- (a) investigation or study of wild life and purposes ancillary or incidental thereto; (b) photography; (c) scientific research; (d) tourism; (e) transaction of lawful business with any person residing in the sanctuary. 2) A permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary shall be issued subject to such conditions and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed. 1[29. Destruction,etc. , in a sanctuary prohibited without permit. -No person shall destroy, exploit or remove any wild life from a sanctuary or destroy or demage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal of its habitat within such sanctuary except under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden and no such permit shall be granted unless the State Government, being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation or removal of wild life from the sanctuary is necessary for the improvement and better management of wild life therein, authorises the iss ue of such permit. Explanation. For the purposes of this section, grazing or movement of live-stock permitted under clause (d) of section 33 shall not be deemed to be an act prohibited under this section. ] 30. Causing fire prohibited. -No person shall set fire to a sanctuary, or kindle any fire, or leave any fire buring, in such manner as to endanger such sanctuary. 31. Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon. -No person shall enter a sanctuary with any weapon except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. 32. Ban on use of injurious substances. -No person shall use, in a sanctuary, chemicals, explosives or any other substances which may cause injury to or endanger, any wild life in such sanctuary. 33. Control of sanctuaries. The Chief Wild Life Warden shall be the authority who shall control, manage and maintain all sanctuaries and for that purpose, within the limits of any sanctuary,- (a) may construct such roads, b ridges, buildings, fences or barrier gates, and carry out such other works as he may consider necessary for the purposes of such sanctuary; (b) shall take such steps as will ensure the security of wild animals in the sanctuary and the preservation of the sanctuary and wild animals therein; (c) may take such measures, in the interests of the wild life, as he may consider necessary for the improvement of any habitat; (d) may regulate, control or prohibit, in keeping with the interests of wild life, the grazing or movement of 2[live-stock]. 3[* * *] 4[33A. Immunisation of live-stock. (1) The Chief Wild Life Warden shall take such measures in such manner, as may be prescribed, for immunisation against communicable diseases of the live-stock kept in or within five kilometres of a sanctuary. (2) No person shall take or cause, to be taken or grazed, any live-stock in a sanctuary without getting it immunised. ] 34. Registration of certain persons in possession of arms. (1) Within three mon ths from the declaration of any area as a sanctuary, every person residing in or within ten kilometres of any such sanctuary and holding a licence granted under the Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959), for the possession of arms or exempted from the provisions of that Act and possessing arms, shall apply in such form, on payment of such fee and within such time as may be prescribed, to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer, for the registration of his name. (2) On receipt of an application under sub-section (1) the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer shall register the name of the applicant in such manner as may be prescribed. 1[(3)No new licences under the Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959) shall be granted within a radius of ten kilometres of a sanctuary without the prior concurrence of the Chief Wild Life Warden. ] National Parks 35. Declaration of National Parks. -(1) Whenever it appears to the State Government that an area, whether within a sanctuary or not, is, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological or zoological association or importance, needed to be constituted as National Park for the purpose of protecting, propogating or developing wild life therein or its environment, it may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute such area as a National Park: 2[Provided that where any part of the territorial waters is proposed to be included in such National Park, the provisions of section 26A shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the declaration of a National Park as they apply in relation to the declaration of a sanctuary. ] (2) The notification referred to in sub-section (1) shall define the limits of the area which is intended to be declared as a National Park. (3) Where any area is intended to be declared as a National park, the provisions of sections 3[19 of 26A (both inclusive except clause (c) of sub-section (2) of section 24)] shall, as far as may be, apply to the investigation and determination of claims, and extinguishment of rights, in relation to any land in such area as they apply to the said matters in relation to any land in a sanctuary. (4) When the following events have occured, namely:- a) the period for preferring claims has elapsed, and all claims, if any, made in relation to any land in an area intended to be declared as a National Park, have been disposed of by the State Government, and (b) all rights in respect of lands proposed to be included in the National Park, have become vested in the State Government, the State Government shall publish a notification specifying the limits of the area which shall be comprised within the National Park and declare that the said area shall be National Park on and from such date as may be specified in the notification. (5) No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of the State. (6) No person shall destroy, exploit or remove any wild life from a National Park or destroy or damage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal of its habitat within such National Park except under and in accordance with a permit granted unless the State Government, being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation or removal of wild life therein, authorises the issue of such permit. (7) No grazing of any 1[live-stock] shall be permitted in a National Park and no 1[live-stock] hall be allowed to enter therein except where such 1[live-stock] is used as a vehicle by a person authorised to enter such National Park. (8) The provisions of sections 27 and 28, sections 30 to 32 (both inclusive), and clauses (a), (b) and (c) of 2[section 33, section 33 A] and section 34 shall, as far as may be apply in relation to a National Park as they apply in relation to a sanctuary. 3[* * *] Closed Area 37. Declaration of closed area. (1) The State Government may, by notification, declare any ar ea closed to hunting for such period as may be specified in the notification. (2) No hunting of any wild animal shall be permitted in a closed area during the period specified in the notification referred to in sub-section (1). WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT (contd. ) Sanctuaries or National Parks declared by Central Government 38. Power of Central Government to declare areas as sanctuaries or National Parks. (1) Where the State Government leases or otherwise transfers any area under its control, not being an area within a sanctuary, to the Central Government, the Central Government may, if it is satisfied that the conditions specified in section 18 are fulfilled in relation to the area so transferred to it, declare such area, by notification, to be a sanctuary and the provisions of 5[sections 18 of 35] (both inclusive), 54 and 55 shall apply in relation to such sanctuary as they apply in relation to a sanctuary declared by the State Government. 2) The Central Government may, if it is satisfied that the conditions specified in section 35 are fulfilled in relation to any area referred to in sub-section (1), whether or not such area has been declared, to be a sanctuary by the Central Government or the State Government, declare such area, by notific ation, to be a National Park and the provisions of sections 35, 54 and 55 shall apply in relation to such National Parks as they apply in relation to a National Park declared by the State Government. (3) In relation to a sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, the powers and duties of the Chief Wild Life Warden under the sanctions referred to in sub-sections(1) and (2), shall be exercised and discharged by the Director or by such other officer s may be authorised by the Director in this behalf and references, in the sections aforesaid, to the State Government shall be construed as references to the Central Government and reference therein to the Legislature of the State shall be construed as a reference to Parliament. 1[CHAPTER IV] CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY AND RECOGNISATION OF ZOOS 38A. Constitution of Central Zoo Authority. (1) The Central Government shall constitute a body to be known as the Central Zoo Authority (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as the Authority), to exercise the powers conferred on, and to perform the functions assigned to it under this Act. (2) The Authority shall consists of- (a) chairperson; b) such number of members not exceeding ten; and (c) member-secretary, to be appointed by the Central Government. 38B. Term of office and conditions of service of Chairperson and members, etc. (1) The chairperson and every member shall hold office for such period, not exceeding three years, as may be specified by the Central Government in this behalf. (2) The chairperson or a member may by writing under his hand addressed to the Central Government, resign from the office of chairperson or, as the case may be, of the member. (3) The Central Government shall remove a person from the office of chairperson or member referred to in sub-section (2) if that person- (a) becomes an undischarged insolvent; b) gets convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an offence which in the opinion of the Central Government involves moral t urpitude; (c) becomes of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; (d) refuses to act or becomes incapable of acting; (e) is, without obtaining leave of absence from the authority, absent from three consecutive meetings of the Authority; or (f) in the opinion of the Central Government has so abused the position of chairperson or member as to render that persons continuance in office detrimental to the public interest: Provided that no person shall be removed under this clause unless that person has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in the matter. (4) A vacancy caused under sub-section (2) or otherwise shall be filled by fresh appointment. (5) The salaries and allowances and other conditions of appointment of chairperson, members and member-secretary of the Authority shall be such as may be prescribed. (6) The Authority shall, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, employ such officers and other employees as it deems necessary to carry out the purposes of the Authority. 7) The terms and conditions of service of the officers and other employees of the Authority shall be such as may be prescribed. (8) No act or proceeding of the Authority shall be questioned or shall be invalid on the ground merely of the existance of any vacancies or defect in the constitution of the Authority. 38C. Functions of the Authority. -The Authority shall perform the following functions, namely:- (a) specify the minimum standards for housing, upkeep and veterinary care of the animals kept in a zoo; (b) evaluate and assess the functioning of zoos with respect to the standards or the norms as may be prescribed; (c) recognise or derecognise zoos; d) identify endangered species of wild animals for purposes of captive breeding and assigning responsibility in this regard to zoo; (e) co-operate the acquisition, exchange and loaning of animals for breeding purposes; (f) ensure maintenance of stud-books of endangered species of wild animals bred in captivity; (g) identify priorities and themes with regard to display of captive animals in a zoo; (h) co-ordinate training of zoo personnel in India and outside India; (i) co-ordinate research in captive breeding and educational programmes for the purposes of zoos; (j) provide technical and other assistance to zoos for their proper management and development on scientific lines; (k) perform such other functions as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act with regard to zoos. 38D. Peocedure to be regulated by the Authority. (1) The Authority shall meet as and when necessary and shall meet at such time and place as the chairperson may think fit. (2) The Authority shall regulate its own procedure. 3) All orders and decisions of the Authority shall be authenticated by the Member-Secretary in this behalf. 38E. Grants and loans to Authority and Constitution of Fund. (1) The Central Government may, after due appropriation made by Parliament by law in this behalf, make to t he Authority grants and loans of such sums of money as that Government may consider necessary. (2) There shall be constituted a Fund to be called the Central Zoo Authority and there shall be credited thereto any grants and loans made to the Authority by the Central Government, all fees and charges received by the Authority under this Act and all sums received by the Authority from such other sources as may be decided upon by the Central Government. 3) The Fund referred to in sub-section (2) shall be applied for meeting salary, allowances and other remuneration of the members, officers and other employees of the Authority and the expenses of Authority in the discharge of its functions under this Chapter and expenses on objects and for purposes authorised by this Act. (4) The Authority shall maintain proper accounts and other relevant records and prepare an annual statement of accounts in such form as may be prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. (5) The accounts of the Authority shall be audited by the Comptroller and Auditor-General at such intervals as may be specified by him and any expenditure incurred in connection with such audit shall be payable by the Authority to the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 6) The Comptroller and Auditor-General and any person appointed by him in connection with the audit of the accounts of the Authority under this Act shall have the same rights and privilege and the authority in connection with such audit as the Comptroller ad Audit-General generally has in connection with the audit of the Government accounts and, in particular, shall have the right to demand the production of books, accounts, connected vouchers and other documents and papers and to inspect any of the offices of the Authority. (7) The accounts of the Authoriy, as a certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General or any other persaon appointed by him in this behalf, together with the audit repor t thereon, shall be forwarded annually to the Central Government by the Authority. 38F. Annual report. The Authority, shall prepare in such form and at such time, for each inancial year, as may be prescribed, its annual report, giving a full account of its activities during the previous financial year and forward a copy thereof to the Central Government. 38G. Annual report and audit report to be laid before Parliament. -The Central Government shall cause the annual report together with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations contained therein, in so far as they relate to the Central Government, and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations and the audit report to be laid as soon as may be after the reports are received before each House of Parliament. 38H. Recognition of zoos. 1) No zoo shall be operated without being recognised by the Authority : Provided that a zoo being operated immediately before the date of commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendation) Act, 1991 may continue to operate without being recognised for a period of 1[eighteen months from the date of such commensement] and if the application seeking recognition is made within that period, the zoo may continue to be operated until the said application is finally decided or withdrawn and in case of refusal for a further period of six months from the date of such refusal. (2) Every application for recognition of a zoo shall be made to the Authority in such form and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed. (3) Every recognition shall specify the conditions, if any, subject to which the applicant shall operate the zoo. 4) No recognition to a zoo shall be granted unless the Authority, having due regard to the interests of protection and conservation of wild life, and such standards, norms and other matters as may be prescribed, is satisfied that recognition should be granted. (5) No application for recognition of a zoo shall be rejected unle ss the applicant has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard. (6) The Authority may, for reasons to be recorded by it, suspend or cancel any recognition granted under sub-section(4): (7) An appeal from an order refusing to recognise a zoo under sub-section (5) or an order suspending or cancelling a recognition under sub-section (6) shall lie to the Central Government. 8) An appeal under sub-section (7) shall be preferred within thirty days from the date of communication to the applicant of the order appealed against: Provided that the Central Government may admit any appeal preferred after the expiry of the period aforesaid if it satisfied that the appellant had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal in time. 38I. Acquisition of animals by a zoo. Subject to the other provisions of this Act no zoo shall acquire or transfer any wild animal specified in Schedule I and Schedule II except with the previous permission of the Authority. 38J. Prohibition of teasing, etc. , in a zoo. No person shall tease, molest, injure or feed any animal or cause disturbance to the animals by noise or otherwise or litter the grounds in a zoo. ] CHAPTER V TRADE OR COMMERCE IN WILD ANIMALS, ANIMAL ARTICLE AND TROPHIES 39. Wild animals, etc. , to be Government property. (1) Every- (a) wild animal, other than vermin, which is hunted under section 11 or sub-section (1) of section 29 or sub-section (6) of section 35 or kept or 1[bred in captivity or hunted] in contravention of any provision of this Act or any rule or order made thereunder or found dead, or killed by 2[* * *] mistake; and (b) animal article, trophy or uncured trophy or meat drived from any wild animal referred to in clause (a) in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule or order made thereunder has been committed; 1[(c) ivory imported into India an article made from such ivory in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule or order made thereunder has been committed; (d) v ehicle, vessel, weapon, trap or tool that has been used for committing an offence and has been seized under the provision of this Act,] shall be the property of the State Government, and, where such animal is hunted in a sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, such animal or any animal article, trophy, uncured trophy or meat 2[derived from such animal, or any vehicle, vessel, weapon, trap or tool used in such hunting] shall be the property of the Central Government. 2) Any person who obtains, by any means, the possession of Government property, shall, within forty-eight hours from obtaining such possession, make a report as to the obtaining of such possession to the nearest police station or the authorised officer and shall, if so required, hand over such property to the officer-in-charge of such police station or such authorised officer, as the case may be. (3) No person shall, without the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the au thorised officer- (a) acquire or keep in his possession, custody or control,or (b) transfer to any person, whether by way of gift, sale or otherwise, or (c) destroy or damage, such Governement property. COMMENTS The wild animals which are dead in a private land, the owner of the land is entitled to claim ownership of the dead animal. The body of a wild animal which is found on a particular land becomes the absolute property of the owner of the soil even if killed by a trespasser, unless, the trespasser chased the animal on the land of one person and killed it on the land of another. The dead elephant in question had not been chased or persued by the forest authorities, but it had been shot by some unknown persons and it voluntarily quit the reserve forest and entered the private land where it died. In this view, the order of the lower Appellate Court can not be sustained; B. Natwall Valid v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1979 Mad 218. 40. Declarations. (1) Every person having at the commencement of this Act the control, custody or possession of any captive animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II, or any uncured trophy derived from such animal or salted or dried skins of such animal or the musk of a musk deer or the horn of a rhinoceros, shall, within thirty days from the commencement of this Act, declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer the number and description of the animal, or article of the foregoing description under his control, custody or possession and the place where such animal or article is kept. 2) No person shall, after the commencement of this Act, acquire, receive, keep in his control, custody or possession, sell, offer for sale or otherwise transfer or transport any animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II or any uncured trophy or meat derived from such animal, or the salted or dried skins of such of an imal or the musk of a musk deer or the horn of a rhinoceros, except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. 1[(3) Nothing in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall apply to a recognised zoo subject to the provisions of section 381 or to a public museum. ] (4) The State Government may, by notification, require any person to declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer any animal article or trophy (other than a musk of a musk deer or horn of a rhinoceros) or salted or dried skins derived from an animal specified in Schedule I or Schedule II in his control, custody or possession in such form, in such manner, and within such time, as may be prescribed. 41. Inquiry and preparation of inventories. 1) On receipt of a declaration made under section 40, the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officers may, after such notice, in such manner and at such time, as may be prescribed,- (a) enter upon the premises o f a person referred to in section 40; (b) make inquiries and prepare inventories of animal articles, trophies, uncured trophies, salted and dried skins and captive animals specified in Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II and found thereon; and (c) affix upon the animals, animal articles, trophies or uncured trophies identification marks in such manner as may be prescribed. (2) No person shall obliterate or counterfeit any identification mark referred to in this Chapter. 42. Certificate of ownership. The Chief Wild Life Warden may, for the purposes of section 40, issue a certificate of ownership in such form, as may be prescribed, to any person who, in his opinion, is in lawful possession of any wild animal or any animal article, trophy, uncured trophy and may, where possible, mark, in the prescribed manner, such animal article, trophy or uncured trophy for purposes of identification. 43. Regulation of transfer of animal, etc. 1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), sub- section (3) and sub-section (4), a person (other than a dealer) who does not possess a certificate of ownership shall not- (a) sell offer for sale or trasfer whether by way of sale, gift or otherwise, any wild animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II or any captive animal belonging to that category or any animal article, trophy, uncured trophy, uncured trophy or meat derived thereform; (b) make animal articles containing part or whole of such animal; (c) put under a process of taxidermy an uncured trophy of such animal, except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. (2) Where a person transfers or transports from the State in which he resides to another State or acquires by transfer from outside the State any such animal, animal article, trophy or uncured trophy as is referred to in sub-section (1) in respect of which he has a certificate of ownership, he shall, within thirty days of the transfer or transport, report the transfer or transport to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer within whose jurisdiction the transfer or transport is effected. (3) No person who does not possess a certificate of ownership shall transfer or transport from one State to another State or acquire by transfer from outside the State any such animal, animal article, trophy or uncured trophy as is referred to in sub-section (1) except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer within whose jurisdiction the transfer or transport is to be effected. 4) Before granting any permission under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3), the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer shall satisfy himself that the animal or article referred to th erein has been lawfully acquired. (5) While permitting the transfer or transport of any animal aticle, trophy or uncured trophy, as is referred to in sub-section (1), the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer- (a) shall issue a certificate of ownership after such inquiry as he may deem fit; (b) shall, where the certificate of ownership existed in the name of the previous owner, issue a fresh certificate of ownership in the name of the person to whom the transfer has been effected; (c) may affix an identification mark on any such animal, animal article, trophy or uncured trophy. (6) Nothing in this section shall apply- [(a) to tail feather of peocock and the animal articles or trophies made therefrom;] 2[(b) to any transaction entered into by a recognised zoo subject to the provisions of section 38I or by a public museum with any other recognised zoo or public museum. ] 44. Dealings in trophy and animal articles without licence prohibited. (1) 3[Subject to the provisions of Chapter VA, no person shall, except under, and in accordance with, a licence granted under sub-section (4)] (a) commence or carry on the business as- (i) a manufacturer of or dealer in, any animal article; or 4[ * * *] (ii) a taxidermist; or (iii) a dealer in trophy or uncured trophy; or (iv) a dealer in captive animals; or (v) a dealer in meat or (b) cook or serve meat in any eating-house;5[(c) derive, collect or prepare, or deal in, snake venom:] Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall prevent a person, who immediately before the commencement of this Act was carrying on the business occupation specified in this sub-section, from carrying on such business or occupation for a period of thirty days from such commencement, or where he has made an application within that period for the grant of a licence to him, until the licence is granted to him or he is informed in writing that a licence cannot be granted to him: 1[Provided further that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to the dealers in tail feathers of peacock and articles made therefrom and the manufacturers of such articles. ] Explaination. -For the purposes of this section, eating-house includes a hotel, restaurant or any other place where any eatable is served on payment, whether or not such payment is separately made for such eatable or is included in the amount charged for board and lodging. 2) Every manufacturer of, or dealer in, animal article, or dealer in captive animals, trophies or uncured trophies, or every taxidermist shall, within fifteen days from the commencement of this Act, declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden his stocks of animals articles captive animals, trophies and uncured trophies as the case may be as on the date of such declaration and the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer may place an identification mark on every animal article, captive animal trophy or uncured trophy as the case may be. (3) Every person referred to in sub-section (1) who intends to obtain a licence, shall 2[* * *] make an application to the Cheif Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. (4) (a) Every application referred to in sub-section (3) shall be made in such form and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. [(b) No licence referred to in sub-section (1) shall be granted unless the Chief Wild Life Warden, or the authorised officer having regard to antecedents an d previous experience of the applicant, the implication which the grant of such licence would have in the status of wildlife to such other matters as may be prescribed in this behalf and after making such inquiry in respect of those matters as may think fit, is satisfied that the licence should be granted. ] (5) Every licence granted under this section shall specify the premises in which