Supply Chain Management Systems ( Scm ) Systems - 1776 Words

Supply Chain Management Systems Supply chain management (SCM) systems have been a new and steady buzz word from late last century up to today. Large companies depend on SCM systems to reduce cost and increase revenue. This article explores the relevant use of SCM systems in today’s business world through different means of analysis, such as SCM performance, variables associated with cost and revenues, and business, supplier and customer relationships. It advocates for their use and provide quantitative analytics to support their position. Claim This article claims that suppliers and buyers are inextricably tied together in acquiring raw materials, creating finished goods, and selling products to the consumer, all while measuring†¦show more content†¦Their warrant implies that when an ideal and predictable product-driven business effectively implements and uses a SCM system, its future tends to be more profitable (Ramdas Spekman, 2000, p. 3). This warrant tends to be inherently true for most businesses in ideal operating conditions of consistent demand and supplier relationships. Its warrant is further judicious since it is not broadly stating all businesses, but rather captures the intent of a business with steady demand in place and a long term deliverable product for consumers. This warrant cannot be trumped due to the fact it is currently a unique business operating concept that is very in depth in all facets of a business model from inception to sale of a given product (Booth, Colomb, Williams, 1995, pp. 15 6-158). Research Methodology Before one can deduce the reason and evidence associated with each claim in this article, one must understand the research method behind it all. This article is very clear in data collection. It surveyed six broad industry groups across three different continents by utilizing a questionnaire, in which it had a 75% response rate, of which, 85% were valid. Within this sample of six industries were customer firms, suppliers, and operations and marketing personnel. They distributed the results of the data into six categories that focused on inventory, time, order fulfillment, quality, customer focus, and customer satisfaction (Ramdas

Rhetorical Analysis Inventing The University - 1824 Words

The rhetorical situation is defined as the context of a rhetorical event that consists of an issue, an audience, and a set of restraints. While this may be true, there are many interpretations and versions of these situations. In David Bartholomae’s text, â€Å"Inventing the University,† he explains the situation of college students learning to fit the requirements of their college professors. Another author named Kevin Davis formulated an essay titled, â€Å"Does Coming to College Mean Becoming Someone New,† explores a similar situation of university students in terms of their commitments and changes they make to succeed in college. Bartholomae’s rhetorical situation is persuading college professors to understand that students have a problem with†¦show more content†¦This could easily be seen as a negligible problem, but the authors could feel otherwise. A question that comes to mind when analyzing these writings is, â€Å"what kind of discourse does each writing piece fall into?† Discourse can be separated into three categories. Which are judicial, deliberative, and epideictic. Bartholomae uses epideictic discourse as well as deliberative discourse throughout his writing. He says, â€Å"He has to invent the university by assembling and mimicking its language† (45). Davis shares a similar concept as Bartholomae, by stating, â€Å"They wanted me to make their sense of the literature, to understand the texts as they understood them†¦I also had to learn a particular way of reading and writing† (80). Both men have the same idea with current academia, but they are on opposite sides. Bartholomae believes that while writing in unfamiliar ways, students learn to become expert writers with practice. Davis explains the same scenario but believes that change isn’t necessarily needed, and certain changes made by students could be devastating in their lives. When analyzing the discourse made by these two authors, it is apparent that both Bartholomae and Davis are speaking from an epideictic and deliberative standpoint. They speak on a current issue that students are having and discuss ways to attack this problem in the future with examples. Since both Bartholomae and Davis areShow MoreRelatedThe Six Course Goals Of This English 109w Course Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess that includes planning, revision, and editing based on feedback from peers and instructors; Critically read and analyze academic texts; Understand, identify, and analyze the rhetorical situations of academic texts, including their contexts, audiences, purposes and personas; Understand, identify, and analyze the rhetorical situations of academic texts, which may include genre, format, evidence, citation, style and organization; Develop an awareness of and preparedness for the writing they will doRead MoreDiscourse on Method Essay example3627 Words   |  15 PagesDiscourse on Method Heuresis (or invention) comprises, as Richard Lanham notes, the first of the five traditional parts of rhetorical theory, concerned with the finding and elaboration of arguments (1991: 91). 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Ethics and Law of Negligence

Question: Whether Aldi Supermarkets is negligent for the losses caused to Tamara and Can Aldi Supermarkets protect itself by availing the defense under the law of negligence? Answer: Relevant Law As per the given facts, the present problem is related to law of negligence. As per the law of negligence, every person is duty bound to act in a manner so that no harm is caused to anybody else. A person can be held liable under the law of negligence when there is breach of duty of care by him and such breach results in damage to any third person. Law of negligence was developed in Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). In Donoghue case, a wrongdoer has duty towards anybody who is his neighbor. A neighbor is a person who can be affected by the acts of the wrongdoer regardless he is known or stranger to the wrongdoer. (RN Moles, 2016) So, a wrongdoer can be held liable under the law of negligence when there is duty of care casted and such duty is breached and due to such breach an injury is caused to the innocent. (P Latimer, 2012) The basic essentials to prove negligence are: 1.Duty of care - Duty of care implies the duty fastened upon the wrongdoer so that his acts may not cause damage to anybody. The defendant is duty bound to take precautions so that his acts may not cause damage to any third party. The duty of the wrongdoer is to provide the care (Sullivan v Moody (2001). But, the duty can be imposed when the damage which can be caused by the acts of the wrongdoer is reasonably foreseeable by him, then, it is duty of the wrongdoer to provide such level of care to protect other from being affected by his acts. In case if the damage caused is not reasonably foreseeable then the duty to protect third party for such acts of wrongdoer cannot be fastened upon him (Burnie Port Authority v General Jones [1994]. Also, the duty is only imposed against those innocents who are the neighbors of the wrongdoer, that is, they are closely and proximately associated with each other ((Wyong Shire Council v Shirt[1980]). (Tomasic Et.al, 2002). 2.Breach of duty of care - In case when the duty is fastened upon the wrongdoer is not taken care of by him and he acts without taking any caution, then, the duty of care is said to be breached. In case where the wrongdoer had taken care but the standard of care taken by him is not adequate, then, the duty of care is said to be breached by him (R v Patel[2010]. This duty of care upon the wrongdoer is different and is dependent upon the circumstances. (Atkins et al., 2014) The duty of care is said to breached when the wrongdoer does not acts in the way he should had been and such acts of wrongdoer harming the third party are reasonably foreseeable and are not remote. (Atkins et al., 2014) Resultant Damage- There must be resultant damage to the third person by the acts of the wrongdoer i.e. the damage must be due to the acts of the wrongdoer and nothing else (Hodgkinson v Simms (1994). There must be proximity between the acts of the wrongdoer and the damage caused to the injured due to breach of duty of care by the wrongdoer (Naxakis v Western General Hospital (1999). The wrongdoer is only liable for the foreseeable damages caused to the injured and the injured can only be claim under the law of negligence when the damage caused to him is due to the breach of duty of care that was with the wrongdoer and he did not took care of the same. (Prue V, 2000) But, a wrongdoer in order to safeguard himself has certain defenses that are: 1.Volunti non fit Injuria - As per the maxim volunti non foit injuria, a wrongdoer is not liable in case when the injured inspire of knowing about the danger assents to the same. In such cases when the injury is caused to the injured then he cannot hold the wrongdoer liable. 2.Contributory negligence - As per contributory negligence, if the injured is also responsible for his injury, then, in such cases the compensation to the injured is given accordingly and after analyzing negligence on the part of the innocent and the wrongdoer. The wrongdoer is proportionately liable to the injured and is only responsible for his part of negligence (Kalokerinos v Burnett[1996]. These legal principles are now applied to the facts of the case. Application of law It is submitted that Aldi Supermarket must make good the losses that are suffered by Tamara because Supermarket owns a duty of care against Tamara. The duty of care exits because Tamara and Supermarket are very closely associated with each other as all the acts of Supermarket will fall upon Tamar directly and thus Tamara is the neighbor of the store. Also, the impact of Aldi Supermarket actions is reasonably foreseeable and thus the store must provide protection to Tamara. This indicates that there is duty of care which Supermarket must provide to Tamara. But, this duty is not fully performed because the staff of the store was cleaning the aisle only after 40 minutes which is not an adequate kind of care because the store is continuously visited by various customers and the cleaning must be at more regular interval. So the level of standard is not met and because of this breach, injury is suffered by Tamara. So, the store is fully negligent in its action but it can take the defense of contributory negligence because Tamara was running very fast because of which she fell with high speed and the injury which is caused to her is also very high because of her contribution. So, Aldi Supermarket can seek the defense to mitigate its liability. Conclusion It is advised to Tamara that she can sue the store for negligence because the duty to provide care to Tamara was not performed by the store as the aisle was slippery and no action was undertaken by the store to mitigate this danger against it6s customers. This breach has caused injuries to Tamara and thus Tamara has every right to sue the store. But, the store can prove that Tamara was running very fast which has contributed to her loss and thus can seek the defense of contributory negligence. References Articles/Journals/Books Atkins et al. (2014) Ethics and Law for Australian Nurses. Cambridge University Press. R N Moles (2016) Law Reports, McAlister or Donoghue (Pauper) v. Stevenson (1932). P Latimer (2012) Australian Business law, CCH Australia Limited. Tomasic Et.al, Corporations Law in Australia (2002). Federation Press. Vines P, (2000) UNSWLawJl 25. Case Law Burnie Port Authority v General Jones [1994] HCA 13. Donohue v Stevenson (1932). Hodgkinson v Simms (1994). Naxakis v Western General Hospital (1999) 197 CLR. Kalokerinos v Burnett[1996]. R v Patel[2010] QSC 68 Sullivan v Moody [2001] HCA 59. Wyong Shire Council v Shirt[1980] HCA 12.

Wild Life free essay sample

WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT INTRODUCTION The wild life laws have a long history and is the culminative result of an increasing awareness of the compelling need to restore the catastrophic ecological imbalances introduced by the depridations inflicted on nature by human being. The earliest codified law can be traced to 3rd Centuary B. C. when Ashoka, the King of Maghadha, enacted a law in the matter of preservation of wild life and environment. But, the first codified law in India which heralded the era of laws for the wild life and protection was enacted in the year 1887 by the British and was titled as the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1887 (10 of 1887). This Act enabled the then Government to frame rules prohibiting the possession or sale of any kinds of specified wild birds, which have been killed or taken during the breeding season. Again the British Government in the year 1912 passed the Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act, 1912 (8 of 1912) as the Act of 1887 proved to be inadequate for the protection of wild birds and animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Wild Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Act of 1912 was amended in the year 1935 by the Wild Birds and Animals Protection (Amendment) Act, 1935 (27 of 1935). After the Second World War the freedom struggle for India started taking its shape and wild life was relagated to the background. But after independence, the Constituent Assembly in the Draft Constitution placed Protection of Wild Birds and Wild Animals at entry No. 20 in the State List and the State Legislature has been given power to legislate. It was not till late 1960s that the concern for the depleting wild finally aroused. ACT 53 OF 1972 The first comprehensive legislation relating to protection of wild life was passed by the Parliament and it was assented by the President on 9th September, 1972 and came to be known as The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972). LIST OF AMENDING ACTS 1. The constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. 2. The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1982 (23 of 1982). . The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1986 (28 of 1986) 4. The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1991 (44 of 1991). 5. The Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1993 (26 of 1993). THE WILD LIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 (53 of 1927) [9th September, 1972] An Act to provide for the protection of 1[wild animals, birds and plants] and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. 2[* * *] CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title, extent and commencement. (1) This Act may be called Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. 3[(2) It extends to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. ] 3) It shall come into force in a State or Union Territory to which it extends, 4[* * *] on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint, and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act or for different States or Union territories. 2. Definitions. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,- (1) animal includes amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles and their young, and also includes, in the cases of birds and reptiles, their eggs; (2) animal article means an article made from any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, and includes an article or object in which the whole or any part of such animal 5[has been used, and ivory imported into India and article made therefrom]; 6[* * *] 4) Board means the Wild Life Advisory Board constituted under s ub-section (1) of section 6; (5) captive animal means any animal, specified in Sechedule I, Schedule II, Schedule III or Schedule IV, which is captured or kept or bred in captivity; 6[* * *] (7) Chief Wild Life Warden means the person appointed as such under clause (a) of sub-section 4. [(7A) circus means an establishment, whether stationary or mobile, where animals are kept or used wholly or mainly for the purpose of performing tricks or manoeuvres;] (8) closed area means the area which is declared under sub-section (1) of section 37 to be closed to hunting; (9) Collector means the chief officer in charge of the revenue administration of a district; (10) commencement of this Act, in relation to- a) a state, means commencement of this Act in that State, (b) any provision of this Act, means the commencement of that provision in the concerned State; (11) dealer means any person who carries on the business of buying and selling any captive animal article, trophy, uncured trophy 1[meat or specified plant]; (12) Director means the person appointed as Director of Wild Life Preservation under clause (a) sub-section (1) of section 3; 2[(12A) Forest Officer means the Forest Officer appointed under clause (2) of section 2 of the indian Forest Act, 1927;] 3[* * *] 14) Government property means any property referred to in section 39; 2[or section 17H;] (15) habitat includes land, water or vegetation which is the natural home of any wild animal; (16) hunting, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, includes,- (a) capturing, killing, poisoning, snaring and trapping of any wild animal and every attempt to do so, (b) driving any wild animal for any of the purposes specified in sub-clause (a), (c) injuring or destroying or taking any part of the body of any such animal or, in the case of wild birds or reptiles, damaging the eggs of such birds or reptiles or distrubing the eggs or nests of such birds of reptiles; (17) land includes canals, creeks and other wate r chanels, reservoirs, rivers, steamsand lakes, whether artificial or natural, 1[marshes and wetlands and also includes boulders and rocks]; (18) licence means a licence granted under this Act; [(18A)] lives stock includes buffaloes, bulls, bullocks, camels, cows, donkeys goats, horses, mules, pigs, sheeps, yaks and also their young;] (19) manufacturer means a manufacturer of animal articles; (20) meat includes blood, bones, sinew, eggs, fat and flesh, whether raw or cooked, of any wild animal, other than vermin; (21) National Park means an area declared, whether under setion 35 of section 38, or deemed, under sub-section (3) of section 66, to be declared, as a National Park; (22) notification means a noification published in the Official Gazette; (23) permit means a permit granted under this Act or any rule made thereunder; (24) person includes a firm; (25) prescribed means by rules made under this Act; [(25A) recognised zoo means a zoo recognised under section 38H; (25B) reserve f orest means the forest declared to reserved by the State Governement under section 20 of the Indian Forest Act,1927 (16 of 1927);] (26) sanctuary means an area declared, whether under section 2[26A] or section 66, to be declared as wild life sanctuary; 2[(27) specified plant means any plant specified in Schedule VI;] (28) special game means any animal specified in Schedule II; (29) State Government, in relation to a Union territory, means the Administrator of the Union territory appointed by the President under article 239 of the Constitution; (30) taxidermy, with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means the curing, preparation or preservation of trophies; 1[(30A) territorial waters shall have the same meaning as in section 3 of the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zoo and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (80 of 1976);] (31) trophy means the whole or any part of any captive animal or wild animal, other than vermin, which has been kept or prese rved by any means, whether artificial or natural, and includes- (a) rugs, skins and specimens of such animal mounted in whole or in part through a process of taxidermy, and (b) antler, horn, rhinoceros horn, hair, feather, nail, tooth, musk, eggs and nests; (32) uncured trophy means the whole or any captive animal or wild animal, killed wild animal, ambergris, musk and other animal products]; (33) vehicle means any conveyance used for movement on land, water or air and includes buffalo, bull, bullock, camel, donkey, elephant, horse and mule; (34) vermin means any wild animal specified in Schedule V; (35) weapon includes ammunition, bows and arrows, explosives, firearms, hooks, knives, nets, poison, snares and traps and any instrument or apparatus capable of anaesthetizing, decoying, destroying, injuring or killing an animal; (36) wild animal means any animal found wild in nature and includes any animal specified in Schedule I, Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, Schedule V, wher ever found; (37) wild ife includes any animal, bees, butterflies, crustacea, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which form part of any habitat; (38) Wild Life Warden means the person appointed as such under clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 4; 1[(39) zoo means an establishment, whether stationary or mobile, where captive animals are kept for exhibition to the public but does not include a circus and an establishment of a licensed dealer in captive animal. ] CHAPTER II AUTHORITIES TO BE APPOINTED OR CONSTITUTED UNDER THE ACT 3. Appointment of Director and other officers. (1) The Central Government may, for the purposes of this Act, appoint,- (a) A Director of Wild Life Preservation; (b) Assistant Directors of Wild Life Preservation; and (c) such other officers and employees as may be necessary. (2) In the performance of his duties and exercise of his powers by or under this Act, the Director shall be subject to such general or special directions, as the Central Go vernment may, from time to time, give. 3) The Assistant Directors of Wild Life Preservation and other oficers and employees appointed under this section shall be subordinate to the Director. 4. Appointment of Life Warden and other officers. (1) The State Government may, for the purposes of this Act, appoint,- (a) a Chief Wild Life Warden; (b) Wild Life Wardens; 1[* * *] 2[(bb) one Honorary Wild Life Warden in each district; and] (c) such other officers and employees as may be necessary. (2) In the performance of his duties and exercise of his powers by or under this Act, the Chief Wild Life Warden shall be subject to such general or special directions, as the State Government may, from time to time, give. 3) 3[The Wild Life Warden, the Honorary Wild Life Warden] and other officers and employees appointment under this section shall be subordinate to the Chief Wild Warden. 5. power to delegate. (1) The Director may, with the previous approval of the Central Government , by order in writing, delegate all or any of his powers and duties under this Act to any officer subordinate to him subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order. (2) The Chief Wild Life Warden may, with the previous approval of the State Government by order in writing, delegate all or any of his powers and duties under this Act, except those under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 11, to any officer subordinate to him subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in the order. 3) Subject to any general or special direction given or condition imposed by the Director of the Chief Wild Life Warden, any person authorised by the Director or the Chief Wild Life Warden to exercise any powers, may exercise those powers in the same manner and to the same effect as if they had conferred on that person directly by this Act and not by way of delegation. COMMENTS Sub-section (2) of section 5 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 gives power to the concerned authorit y to delegate his powers to any of his subordinate officers. Therefore, it could not be be said that another person except the Chief Wild Life Warden or such other officer who has been authorised by the State Government can file a complaint upon which cognizance can be taken; Jagdish Singh v. State of Bihar, (1985) Cri LJ 1314 (Pat). 6. Constitution of Wild Life Advisory Board. (1) The State Government, or in the case of a Union territory, the Administrator, shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Act, constitute a Wild Life Advisory Board consisting of the following members namely :- (a) the Minister in charge of forests in the State or Union territory, or, if there is no such Minister, the Chief Secretary to the Government, or, as the case may be, the Chief Secretary to the Government of the Union territory, who shall be the Chairman; (b) two members of the State Legislature or, in the case of a Union territory having a Legislature, two members of the Legislature o f the Union territory, as the case may be; (c) Secretary to the State Government, or the Government of the Union territory, in charge of forests; 1[(d) the Forest officer in charge of the State Forest Department by whatever designation called, ex officio;] (e) an officer to be nominated by the Director; (f) Chief Wild Life Warden, ex officio; [(g) officers of the State Government not exceeding five; (h) such other persons, not exceeding ten, who, in the opinion of the State Government, are interested in the protection of wild life, including the representatives of tribals not exceeding three. ] 2[(1A) The State Government may appoint a Vice-Chairman of the Board from amongst the members referred to in clauses (b) and (h) of sub-section (1)]. (2) The State Government shall appoint 1[the Forest Officer in charge of the State Forest Department]. (3) The term of office of the members of the Board referred to in clause (g) of sub-section (1) and the manner of filling vacancies among them shall be such as may be prescribed. 4) The members shall be entitled to receive such allowances in respect of expenses incurred in the performance of their duties as the State Government may prescribe. 7. Procedure to be followed by the Board. (1) The Board shall meet at least twice a year at such place as the State Government may direct. (2) The Board shall regulate its own procedure (including the quorum). (3) No act or proceeding of the Board shall be invalid merely by reason of the existence of any vacancy therein or any defect in the constitution thereof or any irregularity in the procedure of the Board not affecting the merits of the case. 8. Duties of Wild Life Advisory Board. It shall be the duty of the Wild Life Advisory Board to advise the State Government,- (a) in the selection of areas to be declared as sanctuaries, National Parks 1[***] and closed areas and the administration thereof; 2[(b) in formulation of the policy for protection and conservation of the wild life and specified plants;] (c) in any matter relating to the amendment of any Schedule; 3[* * *] 4[(cc) in relation to the measures to be taken for harmonising the needs of the tribals and other dwellers of the forest with the protection and conservation of wild life; and] (d) in any other matter connected with the protection of wild life which may be referred to it by the State Government. CHAPTER III HUNTING OF WILD ANIMALS 5[9. Prohibition of hunting. No person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I, II, III and IV except as provided under section 11 and section 12. ] COMMENTS Section 9 of the Act says that no person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I, Elephant is inluded in Schedule I; State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Baig, AIR 1989 SC 1. 6[* * *] 11. Hunting of wild animals to be permitted in certain cases. 1)Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force and subject to the provisions of Chapter IV,- (a) the Chief Wild Life Warden may, if he is satisfied that any wild animal specified in Schedule I has become dangerous to human life or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, by order in writing and stating the reasons therefore, permit any person to hunt such animal or cause such animal to be hunted; (b) the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer may, if he is satisfied that any wild animal specified in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV has become dangerous to human life or to property (including standing crops on any land) or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, by order in writing and stating the reasons therefore, permit any person to hunt such animal or cause such animal to be hunted. 2) The killing or wounding in good faith of any wild animal in defence of oneself or any other person shall not be an offence: Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall exonerate any person who, when such defence becomes necessary, was committing any act in contrave ntion of any provisions of this Act or any rule or order made thereunder. (3) Any wild animal killed or wounded in defence of any person shall be Government property. COMMENTS To decide whether in killing an animal the accused acted in self defence or not, the nature and ferocity of the animal will be relevant. On the basis of the facts and circumstances of the case there can be no doubt that the accused acted in defence of his life and his act did commensurate with defence. Thus in this case of killing the tiger in good faith in defence of oneself it can not be said that the accused was committing any offence prior to shooting the tiger that charged at him. Therefore, the impugned order of conviction and sentence is contrary to the provisions of section 11 of the Act and as such it is liable to be set aside; Tilak Bahadur Rai v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1979 Cri LJ 1404. 12. Grant of permit for special purposes. -Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Act, it shall be lawful for the Chief Wild Life Warden, to grant 1[* * *] a permit, by an order in writing stating the reasons therefore, to any person, on payment of such fees as may be prescribed, which shall entitle the holder of such permit to hunt subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, any wild animal specified in such permit, for the purpose of,- (a) education; 2[(b) scientific research; (bb) scientific Management. Explaination. For the purposes of clause (bb), the expression, Scientific management means- (i) translocation of any wild animal to alternative suitable habitat; or (ii) population management of wildlife without killing or poisoning or des troying any wild animal;] 3[(c) Collection of specimens- (i) for recognised zoos subject to the permission under section 38-I or (ii) for museums and similar institutions; (d) derivation, collection or preparation of snake-venom for the manufacture of life-saving drugs:] 4[Provided that no such permit shall be granted- (a) in respect of any wild animal specified in Schedule I, except with the previous permission of the Central Government, and (b) in respect of any other wild animal, except with the previous permission of the State Government. ] 1[* * *] CHAPTER IIIA PROTECTION OF SPECIFIED PLANTS 17A. Prohibition of picking , uprooting, etc. of specified plant. Save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, no person shall- (a) wilfully pick, uproot, damage, destroy, acquire or collect any specified plant from any forest land and any area specified, by notification, by the Central Government; (b) posses, sell, offer for sale, or transfer by way to gift or otherwise, or transport any sp ecified plant, whether alive or dead, or part or derivative thereof; Provided that nothing in this section prevent a member of a Scheduled tribe, subject to the provisions of Chapter IV, from picking, collecting or possesing in the district he resides any specified plant or part or derivative thereof for his bona fide personal use. 17B. Grants of permit for special purposes. The Chief Wild Life Warden may, with the previous permission of the State Government, grant to any person a permit to pick, uproot, acquire or collect from a forest land or the area specified under section 17 A or transport, subject to such conditions as may be specified plant for purpose of- (a) education; (b) scientific research; (c) collection, preservation and display in a herbarium of any scientific institution; or (d) propogation by a person or an institution approved by the Central Government in this regard. 17C. Cultivation of specified plants without licence prohibited. (1) No person shall cultivate a specified plant except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden or any other officer authorised by the State Government in this behalf: Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent, who immediaely before the commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) act, 1991, was cultivating a specified plant from carrying on such cultivation for a period of six months from such commencement or where he has made an application within that period for the grant of a licence to him, until the licence is granted to him or he is informed in writing that a licence cannot be granted to him. (2) Every licence granted under this section shall specify the area in which and the conditions, if any, subject to which the licensee shall cultivate a specified plant. 17D. Dealing in specified plants without licence prohibited. (1) No person shall, except under and in accordance with a licence granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden or any other officer authorise d by the State Government in this behalf, commence or carry on business or occupation as a dealer in a specified plant or part or derivate thereof : Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent a person, who immediately before the commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1991, was carrying on such business or occupation, from carrying on such business or occupation for a period of sixty days from such commencement, or where he has made an application within that period for the grant of a licence to him, until the licence is granted to him or he is informed in writing that a licence cannot be granted to him. (2) Every licence granted under this section shall specify the premises in which and the conditions, if any, subject to which the licensee shall carry on his business. 17E. Declaration of stock. (1) Every person cultivating, or ealing in, a specified plant or part or derivative thereof shall, within thirty days from the date of commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendment) Act, 1991 declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden or any other officer authorised by the State Government in his behalf, his stocks of such plants and part or derivative thereof, as the case may be, on the date of such commencement. (2) The provisions of sub-sections (3) to (8) (both inclusive) of section 44, section 45, section 46 and section 47 shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to an application and a licence referred to in section 17C and section 17D as they apply in relation to the licence or business in animals or animal articles. 17F. Prossesion, etc. , of plants by license. -No licensee under this Chapter shall- (a) keep in his control, custody or possession- i) any specified plant, or part or derivative thereof in respect of which a declaration under the provisions of section 17E has to be made but has not been made; (ii) any specified plant, or part or derivative thereof which has not been lawfully acquired under the provisions of this A ct or any rule or order made thereunder; (b) (i) pick, uproot, collect or acquire any specified plant, or (ii) acquire, receive, keep in his control or possession, or sell, offer for sale or transport any specified plant or part or derivative thereof, except in accordance with the conditions subject to which the licence has been granted and such rules as may be made under this Act. 17G. Purchase, etc. of specified plants. No person shall purchase, receive or acquire any specified plant or part or derivative thereof otherwise than from a licensed dealer: Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any person referred to in section 17B. 17H. Plants to be Government property. (1) Every specified plant or part or derivative thereof, in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule order made thereunder has been committed, shall be the property of the State Government, and, where such plant or part or derivative thereof has been collected or acquired from a sanctuar y or National Park declared by the Central Government, such plant or part or derivative thereof shall be the property of the Central Government. (2) The provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 39 shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the specified plant or part or derivative thereof or they apply in relation to wild animals and articles referred to in sub-section (1) of that section. ] CHAPTER IV SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS 1[* * *] AND CLOSED AREAS Sanctuaries 18. Declaration of sanctuary. 2[(1) The State Government may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute any area comprised within any reserve forest or the territorial waters as a sanctuary if it considers that such area is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wild life or its environment. ] (2) The notification referred to in sub-section (1) shall specify, as nearly as possible, the s ituation and limits of such area. Explaination. -For the purposes of this section it shall be sufficient to describe the area by roads, rivers, ridges or other well-known intelligible boundaries. COMMENTS (i) The purpose of the notification declaring the area as Game Reserve under the Rajasthan Wild Animal and Birds Protection Act, 1951; or the declaration of the area as a sanctuary under the notification dated 1. 1. 975 declaring the area as protected forest under the Rajasthan Forest Act, 1953 is to protect the Forest Wealth and Wild Life of the areas; Tarun Bharat Sangh, Alwar v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 514. (ii) The respondents are entitled to declare any area other than area comprised with any reserve forest or territorial waters as a sanctuary as per the provisions of section 18 of the Act, but that can be done only after following the provisions contained in the Act. The respondents can take follow up action for evicting persons from the area falling within the declared s anctuary in accordance with the provisions as contained in CHAPTER IV of the Act. None of this things has been found to be followed by the respondents in passing the orders prejudicially affecting the petitioners. Therefore, the impugned orders are not sustainable in law and accordingly they deserve to be quashed; Jaladhar Chakma v. Deputy Commisioner, Aizwal, Mizoram, AIR1983 Gau 18. 19. Collector to determine rights. 3[When a notification has been issued under section 18] the controller shall inquire into, and determine, the existance, nature and extent of the rights of any person in or over the land comprised within the limits of the sanctuary. 20. Bar of accrual of rights. -After the issue of a notification under section 18, no right shall be acquired in, on or over the land comprised within the limits of the area specified in such notification, except by tastamentary or intestate. 21. Proclamation by Collector. When a notification has been issued under section 18, the collector shall publish in the regional language in every town and village in or in the neighbourhood of the area comprised therein, a proclamation- (a) specifying, as nearly as possible, the situation and the limits of the sanctuary; and (b) requiring any person, claiming any right mentioned in section 19, to prepare before the Collector, within two months from the date of such proclamation, a written claim in the prescribed form, specifying the nature and extent of such right with necessary details and the amount and particulars of compensation, if any, claimed the respect thereof. 22. Inquiry by collector. The Collector shall, after service of the prescribed notice upon the claimant, expeditiously inquire into- (a) the claim preferred before him under clause (b) of section 21, and (b) the existence of any right mentioned in section 19 and not claimed under clause (b) of section 21, so far as the same may be ascertainable from the records of the State Government and the evidence of any person acquainted with the same. 23. Powers of Collector. -For the purpose of such inquiry, the Collector may exercise the following powers, namely:- (a) the power to enter in or upon any land and to survey, demarcate and make a map of the same or to authorise any other officer to do so; (b) the same powers as are vested in a cilvil court for the trial of suits. 24. Acquisition of rights. (1) In the case of a claim to a right in or over any land referred to in section 19, the Collector shall pass an order admitting and rejecting the same in whole or in part, (2) If such claim is admitted in whole or in part, the Collector may either- (a) exclude such land from the limits of the proposed sanctuary, or (b) proceed to acquire such land or rights, except where by an agreement between the owner of such land or holder of rights and the Government, the owner or holder of such rights has agreed to surrender his rights to the Government, in or over such land, and on payment of such compensation, as is provided in the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. 1[(c) allow, in consultation with the Chief Wild Life Warden, the continuation of any right of any person in or over any land within the limits of the sanctuary. ] 25. Acquisition proceedings. (1) For the purpose of acquiring such land, or rights in or over such land,- (a) the Collector shall be deemed to be a Collector, proceeding under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894; (b) the claimant shall be deemed to be a person interested and appearing before him in pursuance of a notice given under section 9 of that Act; (c) the provision of the sections, preceding section 9 of that Act, shall be deemed to have been compiled with; (d) where the claimant does not accept the award made in his favour in the matter of compensation, he shall be deemed, within the meaning of section 18 of the Act, to be a person interested who has not accepted the award, and shall be entitled to proceed to claim relief against the award under the provisions of Part III of that Act; (e) the Collector, with the consent of claimant, or the court, with the consent of both the parties, may award compensation in land or money or partly in land and partly in money; and (f) in the c ase of the stoppage of a public way or a common pasture, the Collector may, with the previous sanction of the State Government, provide for an alternative public way or common pasture, as far as may be practicable or convenient. (2) The acquisition under this Act of any land or interest therein shall be deemed to be acquisition for a public purpose. 26. Delegation of Collectors powers. The State Government may, by general or special order, direct that the powers exercisable or function to be performed by the Collector under sections 19 to 25 (both inclusive) may be exercised and performed by such other officer as may be specified in the order. 1[26A. Declaration of area as sanctuary. -(1) When- (a) a notification has been issued under section 18 and the period for preferring claims has elapsed, and all claims, if any, made in relation to any land in an area intended to be declared as a sanctuary, have been disposed of by the State Government; or (b) any area comprised within any res erve forest or any part of the territorial waters, which is considered by the State Government to be of adequate ecological faunal floral geomorphological, natural or zoological significance for the purpose of protecting, propogating or developing wild life or its environment, is to e included in a sanctuary, the State Government shall issue a notification specifying the limits of the area which shall be comprised within the sanctuary and declare that the said area shall be sanctuary on and from such date as may be specified in the notification: Provided that where any part of the territorial waters is to be so included, prior concurrence of the Central Government shall be obtained by the State Government: Provided further that the limits of the area of the territorial waters to be included in the sanctuary shall be determined in consultation with the Chief Naval Hydrographer of the Central Government and after taking adequate measures to protect the occupational interest of the loc al fishermen. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the right of innocent passage of any vessel or boat through the territorial waters shall not be affected by the notification isued under sub-section (1). (3) No alteration of the boundaries of a sanctuary shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of the state. ] 27. Restriction on entry in sanctuary. (1) No person other than,- (a) a public servant on duty, (b) a person who has been permitted by the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer to reside within the limits of the sanctuary, (c) a person who has any right over immovable property within the limits of the sanctuary, (d) a person passing through the sanctuary along a public highway, and (e) the dependents of the person referred to in clause (a), clause (b) or clause (c), shall enter or reside in the sanctuary, except under and in accordance with the conditions of a peemit granted under section 28. 2) Every person shall, so long as he resides in the sanctuary, be bound- (a) to prevent the commission, in the sanctuary, of an offence against this Act; (b) where there is reason to believe that any such offence against this Act has been committed in such sanctuary, to help in discovering and arresting the offender; (c) to report the death of any wild animal and to safeguard its remains until the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer takes charge thereof; (d) to extinguish any fire in such sanctuary of which he has knowledge or information and to prevent from spreading, by any lawful means in his power, any fire within the vicinity of such sanctuary of which he has knowledge or information; or (e) to assist any Forest Officer, Chief Wild Life Warden, Wild Life Warden or Police Officer demanding his aid for preventing the commission of any offence against this Act or in the investigation of any such offence. [(3) No person shall, with intent to cause demage to any boundary-mark of a sanctuary or to cause wrongful gain as defined in the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), alter, destroy, more or deface such boundary-mark. (4) No person shall tease or molest any wild animal or litter the grounds of sanctuary. ] 28. Grant of permit. -(1) The Chief Wild Life Warden may, on application, grant to any person a permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary for all or any of the following purposes, namely :- (a) investigation or study of wild life and purposes ancillary or incidental thereto; (b) photography; (c) scientific research; (d) tourism; (e) transaction of lawful business with any person residing in the sanctuary. 2) A permit to enter or reside in a sanctuary shall be issued subject to such conditions and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed. 1[29. Destruction,etc. , in a sanctuary prohibited without permit. -No person shall destroy, exploit or remove any wild life from a sanctuary or destroy or demage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal of its habitat within such sanctuary except under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Chief Wild Life Warden and no such permit shall be granted unless the State Government, being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation or removal of wild life from the sanctuary is necessary for the improvement and better management of wild life therein, authorises the iss ue of such permit. Explanation. For the purposes of this section, grazing or movement of live-stock permitted under clause (d) of section 33 shall not be deemed to be an act prohibited under this section. ] 30. Causing fire prohibited. -No person shall set fire to a sanctuary, or kindle any fire, or leave any fire buring, in such manner as to endanger such sanctuary. 31. Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon. -No person shall enter a sanctuary with any weapon except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. 32. Ban on use of injurious substances. -No person shall use, in a sanctuary, chemicals, explosives or any other substances which may cause injury to or endanger, any wild life in such sanctuary. 33. Control of sanctuaries. The Chief Wild Life Warden shall be the authority who shall control, manage and maintain all sanctuaries and for that purpose, within the limits of any sanctuary,- (a) may construct such roads, b ridges, buildings, fences or barrier gates, and carry out such other works as he may consider necessary for the purposes of such sanctuary; (b) shall take such steps as will ensure the security of wild animals in the sanctuary and the preservation of the sanctuary and wild animals therein; (c) may take such measures, in the interests of the wild life, as he may consider necessary for the improvement of any habitat; (d) may regulate, control or prohibit, in keeping with the interests of wild life, the grazing or movement of 2[live-stock]. 3[* * *] 4[33A. Immunisation of live-stock. (1) The Chief Wild Life Warden shall take such measures in such manner, as may be prescribed, for immunisation against communicable diseases of the live-stock kept in or within five kilometres of a sanctuary. (2) No person shall take or cause, to be taken or grazed, any live-stock in a sanctuary without getting it immunised. ] 34. Registration of certain persons in possession of arms. (1) Within three mon ths from the declaration of any area as a sanctuary, every person residing in or within ten kilometres of any such sanctuary and holding a licence granted under the Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959), for the possession of arms or exempted from the provisions of that Act and possessing arms, shall apply in such form, on payment of such fee and within such time as may be prescribed, to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer, for the registration of his name. (2) On receipt of an application under sub-section (1) the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer shall register the name of the applicant in such manner as may be prescribed. 1[(3)No new licences under the Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959) shall be granted within a radius of ten kilometres of a sanctuary without the prior concurrence of the Chief Wild Life Warden. ] National Parks 35. Declaration of National Parks. -(1) Whenever it appears to the State Government that an area, whether within a sanctuary or not, is, by reason of its ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological or zoological association or importance, needed to be constituted as National Park for the purpose of protecting, propogating or developing wild life therein or its environment, it may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute such area as a National Park: 2[Provided that where any part of the territorial waters is proposed to be included in such National Park, the provisions of section 26A shall, as far as may be, apply in relation to the declaration of a National Park as they apply in relation to the declaration of a sanctuary. ] (2) The notification referred to in sub-section (1) shall define the limits of the area which is intended to be declared as a National Park. (3) Where any area is intended to be declared as a National park, the provisions of sections 3[19 of 26A (both inclusive except clause (c) of sub-section (2) of section 24)] shall, as far as may be, apply to the investigation and determination of claims, and extinguishment of rights, in relation to any land in such area as they apply to the said matters in relation to any land in a sanctuary. (4) When the following events have occured, namely:- a) the period for preferring claims has elapsed, and all claims, if any, made in relation to any land in an area intended to be declared as a National Park, have been disposed of by the State Government, and (b) all rights in respect of lands proposed to be included in the National Park, have become vested in the State Government, the State Government shall publish a notification specifying the limits of the area which shall be comprised within the National Park and declare that the said area shall be National Park on and from such date as may be specified in the notification. (5) No alteration of the boundaries of a National Park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of the State. (6) No person shall destroy, exploit or remove any wild life from a National Park or destroy or damage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal of its habitat within such National Park except under and in accordance with a permit granted unless the State Government, being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation or removal of wild life therein, authorises the issue of such permit. (7) No grazing of any 1[live-stock] shall be permitted in a National Park and no 1[live-stock] hall be allowed to enter therein except where such 1[live-stock] is used as a vehicle by a person authorised to enter such National Park. (8) The provisions of sections 27 and 28, sections 30 to 32 (both inclusive), and clauses (a), (b) and (c) of 2[section 33, section 33 A] and section 34 shall, as far as may be apply in relation to a National Park as they apply in relation to a sanctuary. 3[* * *] Closed Area 37. Declaration of closed area. (1) The State Government may, by notification, declare any ar ea closed to hunting for such period as may be specified in the notification. (2) No hunting of any wild animal shall be permitted in a closed area during the period specified in the notification referred to in sub-section (1). WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT (contd. ) Sanctuaries or National Parks declared by Central Government 38. Power of Central Government to declare areas as sanctuaries or National Parks. (1) Where the State Government leases or otherwise transfers any area under its control, not being an area within a sanctuary, to the Central Government, the Central Government may, if it is satisfied that the conditions specified in section 18 are fulfilled in relation to the area so transferred to it, declare such area, by notification, to be a sanctuary and the provisions of 5[sections 18 of 35] (both inclusive), 54 and 55 shall apply in relation to such sanctuary as they apply in relation to a sanctuary declared by the State Government. 2) The Central Government may, if it is satisfied that the conditions specified in section 35 are fulfilled in relation to any area referred to in sub-section (1), whether or not such area has been declared, to be a sanctuary by the Central Government or the State Government, declare such area, by notific ation, to be a National Park and the provisions of sections 35, 54 and 55 shall apply in relation to such National Parks as they apply in relation to a National Park declared by the State Government. (3) In relation to a sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, the powers and duties of the Chief Wild Life Warden under the sanctions referred to in sub-sections(1) and (2), shall be exercised and discharged by the Director or by such other officer s may be authorised by the Director in this behalf and references, in the sections aforesaid, to the State Government shall be construed as references to the Central Government and reference therein to the Legislature of the State shall be construed as a reference to Parliament. 1[CHAPTER IV] CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY AND RECOGNISATION OF ZOOS 38A. Constitution of Central Zoo Authority. (1) The Central Government shall constitute a body to be known as the Central Zoo Authority (hereinafter in this Chapter referred to as the Authority), to exercise the powers conferred on, and to perform the functions assigned to it under this Act. (2) The Authority shall consists of- (a) chairperson; b) such number of members not exceeding ten; and (c) member-secretary, to be appointed by the Central Government. 38B. Term of office and conditions of service of Chairperson and members, etc. (1) The chairperson and every member shall hold office for such period, not exceeding three years, as may be specified by the Central Government in this behalf. (2) The chairperson or a member may by writing under his hand addressed to the Central Government, resign from the office of chairperson or, as the case may be, of the member. (3) The Central Government shall remove a person from the office of chairperson or member referred to in sub-section (2) if that person- (a) becomes an undischarged insolvent; b) gets convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an offence which in the opinion of the Central Government involves moral t urpitude; (c) becomes of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court; (d) refuses to act or becomes incapable of acting; (e) is, without obtaining leave of absence from the authority, absent from three consecutive meetings of the Authority; or (f) in the opinion of the Central Government has so abused the position of chairperson or member as to render that persons continuance in office detrimental to the public interest: Provided that no person shall be removed under this clause unless that person has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard in the matter. (4) A vacancy caused under sub-section (2) or otherwise shall be filled by fresh appointment. (5) The salaries and allowances and other conditions of appointment of chairperson, members and member-secretary of the Authority shall be such as may be prescribed. (6) The Authority shall, with the previous sanction of the Central Government, employ such officers and other employees as it deems necessary to carry out the purposes of the Authority. 7) The terms and conditions of service of the officers and other employees of the Authority shall be such as may be prescribed. (8) No act or proceeding of the Authority shall be questioned or shall be invalid on the ground merely of the existance of any vacancies or defect in the constitution of the Authority. 38C. Functions of the Authority. -The Authority shall perform the following functions, namely:- (a) specify the minimum standards for housing, upkeep and veterinary care of the animals kept in a zoo; (b) evaluate and assess the functioning of zoos with respect to the standards or the norms as may be prescribed; (c) recognise or derecognise zoos; d) identify endangered species of wild animals for purposes of captive breeding and assigning responsibility in this regard to zoo; (e) co-operate the acquisition, exchange and loaning of animals for breeding purposes; (f) ensure maintenance of stud-books of endangered species of wild animals bred in captivity; (g) identify priorities and themes with regard to display of captive animals in a zoo; (h) co-ordinate training of zoo personnel in India and outside India; (i) co-ordinate research in captive breeding and educational programmes for the purposes of zoos; (j) provide technical and other assistance to zoos for their proper management and development on scientific lines; (k) perform such other functions as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act with regard to zoos. 38D. Peocedure to be regulated by the Authority. (1) The Authority shall meet as and when necessary and shall meet at such time and place as the chairperson may think fit. (2) The Authority shall regulate its own procedure. 3) All orders and decisions of the Authority shall be authenticated by the Member-Secretary in this behalf. 38E. Grants and loans to Authority and Constitution of Fund. (1) The Central Government may, after due appropriation made by Parliament by law in this behalf, make to t he Authority grants and loans of such sums of money as that Government may consider necessary. (2) There shall be constituted a Fund to be called the Central Zoo Authority and there shall be credited thereto any grants and loans made to the Authority by the Central Government, all fees and charges received by the Authority under this Act and all sums received by the Authority from such other sources as may be decided upon by the Central Government. 3) The Fund referred to in sub-section (2) shall be applied for meeting salary, allowances and other remuneration of the members, officers and other employees of the Authority and the expenses of Authority in the discharge of its functions under this Chapter and expenses on objects and for purposes authorised by this Act. (4) The Authority shall maintain proper accounts and other relevant records and prepare an annual statement of accounts in such form as may be prescribed by the Central Government in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. (5) The accounts of the Authority shall be audited by the Comptroller and Auditor-General at such intervals as may be specified by him and any expenditure incurred in connection with such audit shall be payable by the Authority to the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 6) The Comptroller and Auditor-General and any person appointed by him in connection with the audit of the accounts of the Authority under this Act shall have the same rights and privilege and the authority in connection with such audit as the Comptroller ad Audit-General generally has in connection with the audit of the Government accounts and, in particular, shall have the right to demand the production of books, accounts, connected vouchers and other documents and papers and to inspect any of the offices of the Authority. (7) The accounts of the Authoriy, as a certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General or any other persaon appointed by him in this behalf, together with the audit repor t thereon, shall be forwarded annually to the Central Government by the Authority. 38F. Annual report. The Authority, shall prepare in such form and at such time, for each inancial year, as may be prescribed, its annual report, giving a full account of its activities during the previous financial year and forward a copy thereof to the Central Government. 38G. Annual report and audit report to be laid before Parliament. -The Central Government shall cause the annual report together with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations contained therein, in so far as they relate to the Central Government, and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such recommendations and the audit report to be laid as soon as may be after the reports are received before each House of Parliament. 38H. Recognition of zoos. 1) No zoo shall be operated without being recognised by the Authority : Provided that a zoo being operated immediately before the date of commencement of the Wild Life (Protection) (Amendation) Act, 1991 may continue to operate without being recognised for a period of 1[eighteen months from the date of such commensement] and if the application seeking recognition is made within that period, the zoo may continue to be operated until the said application is finally decided or withdrawn and in case of refusal for a further period of six months from the date of such refusal. (2) Every application for recognition of a zoo shall be made to the Authority in such form and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed. (3) Every recognition shall specify the conditions, if any, subject to which the applicant shall operate the zoo. 4) No recognition to a zoo shall be granted unless the Authority, having due regard to the interests of protection and conservation of wild life, and such standards, norms and other matters as may be prescribed, is satisfied that recognition should be granted. (5) No application for recognition of a zoo shall be rejected unle ss the applicant has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard. (6) The Authority may, for reasons to be recorded by it, suspend or cancel any recognition granted under sub-section(4): (7) An appeal from an order refusing to recognise a zoo under sub-section (5) or an order suspending or cancelling a recognition under sub-section (6) shall lie to the Central Government. 8) An appeal under sub-section (7) shall be preferred within thirty days from the date of communication to the applicant of the order appealed against: Provided that the Central Government may admit any appeal preferred after the expiry of the period aforesaid if it satisfied that the appellant had sufficient cause for not preferring the appeal in time. 38I. Acquisition of animals by a zoo. Subject to the other provisions of this Act no zoo shall acquire or transfer any wild animal specified in Schedule I and Schedule II except with the previous permission of the Authority. 38J. Prohibition of teasing, etc. , in a zoo. No person shall tease, molest, injure or feed any animal or cause disturbance to the animals by noise or otherwise or litter the grounds in a zoo. ] CHAPTER V TRADE OR COMMERCE IN WILD ANIMALS, ANIMAL ARTICLE AND TROPHIES 39. Wild animals, etc. , to be Government property. (1) Every- (a) wild animal, other than vermin, which is hunted under section 11 or sub-section (1) of section 29 or sub-section (6) of section 35 or kept or 1[bred in captivity or hunted] in contravention of any provision of this Act or any rule or order made thereunder or found dead, or killed by 2[* * *] mistake; and (b) animal article, trophy or uncured trophy or meat drived from any wild animal referred to in clause (a) in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule or order made thereunder has been committed; 1[(c) ivory imported into India an article made from such ivory in respect of which any offence against this Act or any rule or order made thereunder has been committed; (d) v ehicle, vessel, weapon, trap or tool that has been used for committing an offence and has been seized under the provision of this Act,] shall be the property of the State Government, and, where such animal is hunted in a sanctuary or National Park declared by the Central Government, such animal or any animal article, trophy, uncured trophy or meat 2[derived from such animal, or any vehicle, vessel, weapon, trap or tool used in such hunting] shall be the property of the Central Government. 2) Any person who obtains, by any means, the possession of Government property, shall, within forty-eight hours from obtaining such possession, make a report as to the obtaining of such possession to the nearest police station or the authorised officer and shall, if so required, hand over such property to the officer-in-charge of such police station or such authorised officer, as the case may be. (3) No person shall, without the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the au thorised officer- (a) acquire or keep in his possession, custody or control,or (b) transfer to any person, whether by way of gift, sale or otherwise, or (c) destroy or damage, such Governement property. COMMENTS The wild animals which are dead in a private land, the owner of the land is entitled to claim ownership of the dead animal. The body of a wild animal which is found on a particular land becomes the absolute property of the owner of the soil even if killed by a trespasser, unless, the trespasser chased the animal on the land of one person and killed it on the land of another. The dead elephant in question had not been chased or persued by the forest authorities, but it had been shot by some unknown persons and it voluntarily quit the reserve forest and entered the private land where it died. In this view, the order of the lower Appellate Court can not be sustained; B. Natwall Valid v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1979 Mad 218. 40. Declarations. (1) Every person having at the commencement of this Act the control, custody or possession of any captive animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II, or any uncured trophy derived from such animal or salted or dried skins of such animal or the musk of a musk deer or the horn of a rhinoceros, shall, within thirty days from the commencement of this Act, declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer the number and description of the animal, or article of the foregoing description under his control, custody or possession and the place where such animal or article is kept. 2) No person shall, after the commencement of this Act, acquire, receive, keep in his control, custody or possession, sell, offer for sale or otherwise transfer or transport any animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II or any uncured trophy or meat derived from such animal, or the salted or dried skins of such of an imal or the musk of a musk deer or the horn of a rhinoceros, except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. 1[(3) Nothing in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) shall apply to a recognised zoo subject to the provisions of section 381 or to a public museum. ] (4) The State Government may, by notification, require any person to declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer any animal article or trophy (other than a musk of a musk deer or horn of a rhinoceros) or salted or dried skins derived from an animal specified in Schedule I or Schedule II in his control, custody or possession in such form, in such manner, and within such time, as may be prescribed. 41. Inquiry and preparation of inventories. 1) On receipt of a declaration made under section 40, the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officers may, after such notice, in such manner and at such time, as may be prescribed,- (a) enter upon the premises o f a person referred to in section 40; (b) make inquiries and prepare inventories of animal articles, trophies, uncured trophies, salted and dried skins and captive animals specified in Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II and found thereon; and (c) affix upon the animals, animal articles, trophies or uncured trophies identification marks in such manner as may be prescribed. (2) No person shall obliterate or counterfeit any identification mark referred to in this Chapter. 42. Certificate of ownership. The Chief Wild Life Warden may, for the purposes of section 40, issue a certificate of ownership in such form, as may be prescribed, to any person who, in his opinion, is in lawful possession of any wild animal or any animal article, trophy, uncured trophy and may, where possible, mark, in the prescribed manner, such animal article, trophy or uncured trophy for purposes of identification. 43. Regulation of transfer of animal, etc. 1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), sub- section (3) and sub-section (4), a person (other than a dealer) who does not possess a certificate of ownership shall not- (a) sell offer for sale or trasfer whether by way of sale, gift or otherwise, any wild animal specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II or any captive animal belonging to that category or any animal article, trophy, uncured trophy, uncured trophy or meat derived thereform; (b) make animal articles containing part or whole of such animal; (c) put under a process of taxidermy an uncured trophy of such animal, except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. (2) Where a person transfers or transports from the State in which he resides to another State or acquires by transfer from outside the State any such animal, animal article, trophy or uncured trophy as is referred to in sub-section (1) in respect of which he has a certificate of ownership, he shall, within thirty days of the transfer or transport, report the transfer or transport to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer within whose jurisdiction the transfer or transport is effected. (3) No person who does not possess a certificate of ownership shall transfer or transport from one State to another State or acquire by transfer from outside the State any such animal, animal article, trophy or uncured trophy as is referred to in sub-section (1) except with the previous permission in writing of the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer within whose jurisdiction the transfer or transport is to be effected. 4) Before granting any permission under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3), the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer shall satisfy himself that the animal or article referred to th erein has been lawfully acquired. (5) While permitting the transfer or transport of any animal aticle, trophy or uncured trophy, as is referred to in sub-section (1), the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer- (a) shall issue a certificate of ownership after such inquiry as he may deem fit; (b) shall, where the certificate of ownership existed in the name of the previous owner, issue a fresh certificate of ownership in the name of the person to whom the transfer has been effected; (c) may affix an identification mark on any such animal, animal article, trophy or uncured trophy. (6) Nothing in this section shall apply- [(a) to tail feather of peocock and the animal articles or trophies made therefrom;] 2[(b) to any transaction entered into by a recognised zoo subject to the provisions of section 38I or by a public museum with any other recognised zoo or public museum. ] 44. Dealings in trophy and animal articles without licence prohibited. (1) 3[Subject to the provisions of Chapter VA, no person shall, except under, and in accordance with, a licence granted under sub-section (4)] (a) commence or carry on the business as- (i) a manufacturer of or dealer in, any animal article; or 4[ * * *] (ii) a taxidermist; or (iii) a dealer in trophy or uncured trophy; or (iv) a dealer in captive animals; or (v) a dealer in meat or (b) cook or serve meat in any eating-house;5[(c) derive, collect or prepare, or deal in, snake venom:] Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall prevent a person, who immediately before the commencement of this Act was carrying on the business occupation specified in this sub-section, from carrying on such business or occupation for a period of thirty days from such commencement, or where he has made an application within that period for the grant of a licence to him, until the licence is granted to him or he is informed in writing that a licence cannot be granted to him: 1[Provided further that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to the dealers in tail feathers of peacock and articles made therefrom and the manufacturers of such articles. ] Explaination. -For the purposes of this section, eating-house includes a hotel, restaurant or any other place where any eatable is served on payment, whether or not such payment is separately made for such eatable or is included in the amount charged for board and lodging. 2) Every manufacturer of, or dealer in, animal article, or dealer in captive animals, trophies or uncured trophies, or every taxidermist shall, within fifteen days from the commencement of this Act, declare to the Chief Wild Life Warden his stocks of animals articles captive animals, trophies and uncured trophies as the case may be as on the date of such declaration and the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer may place an identification mark on every animal article, captive animal trophy or uncured trophy as the case may be. (3) Every person referred to in sub-section (1) who intends to obtain a licence, shall 2[* * *] make an application to the Cheif Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. (4) (a) Every application referred to in sub-section (3) shall be made in such form and on payment of such fee as may be prescribed to the Chief Wild Life Warden or the authorised officer. [(b) No licence referred to in sub-section (1) shall be granted unless the Chief Wild Life Warden, or the authorised officer having regard to antecedents an d previous experience of the applicant, the implication which the grant of such licence would have in the status of wildlife to such other matters as may be prescribed in this behalf and after making such inquiry in respect of those matters as may think fit, is satisfied that the licence should be granted. ] (5) Every licence granted under this section shall specify the premises in which

Rousseau, Locke and Hobbes essays

Rousseau, Locke and Hobbes essays Thesis: Kagà ½thane was the only pramenade that protects its popularity at the end of Ottoman period among other large and small pramenades. I. A new life by the conquest of à stanbul A. Arena for the game of the jereed B.Buildings from XVI. and XVII. century 1. A foundation in III.Murad period 2. A mansion in IV.Murad period C. Small amusements in XVII. century II. The best times in The Tulip Period A.Wonderful amusements in II. Ahmet Period C.Various enjoyment of places for the common people 3. The meetings of women and men III. Still an amusement place after The Tulip Period A. Shooting trainings in III.Selim Period B. A new palace called Çaà °layan instead of Sadabad in II.Mahmud Period C. A foundation built in II. Abdlhamit Period V. Not a promenade any more after I. World War A. Forgotten Enjoyments by the war B. Destruction of Çaà °layan Palace C. Bad settlements and industrialization The public of Istanbul were resting and having a good time in places that wascovered with some meadows. These places were in demand in different times; some of them had been forgetten and in the end all of them are left as memories founded in the history and literature books. The present of a river was the first characteristic that was seeked for a pramenade. Being covered with meadows of land and existence of trees had to be necessary. It was arrived to these promenades with boats by the way of sea or river or with carriages like in Alemdaroà °lu. There were various pramenades in Istanbul like Dolmabahà §e and Sarà ½yer in Rumeli side; Uskudar, Çamlà ½ca, G ...

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds

Basic Facts Everyone Should Know About Clouds Clouds may look like big, fluffy marshmallows in the sky, but in reality, they are visible collections of tiny water droplets (or ice crystals, if its cold enough) that live high in the atmosphere above the Earths surface. Here, we discuss the science of clouds: how they form, move, and change color.   Formation Clouds form when a parcel of air rises from the surface up into the atmosphere. As the parcel ascends, it passes through lower and lower pressure levels (pressure decreases with height). Recall that air tends to move from higher to lower pressure areas, so as the parcel travels into lower pressure areas, the air inside of it pushes outward, causing it to expand. This expansion uses heat energy, and therefore cools the air parcel. The farther upward it travels, the more it cools. When its temperature cools to that of its dew point temperature, the water vapor inside of the parcel condenses into droplets of liquid water. These droplets then collect on the surfaces of dust, pollen, smoke, dirt, and sea salt particles called nuclei. (These nuclei are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water molecules.) It is at this point- when water vapor condenses and settles onto condensation nuclei- that clouds form and become visible. Shape Have you ever watched a cloud long enough to see it expanding outward, or looked away for a moment only to find that when you look back its shape has changed? If so, youll be glad to know it isnt your imagination. The shapes of clouds are ever-changing thanks to the processes of condensation and evaporation. After a cloud forms, condensation doesnt stop. This is why we sometimes notice clouds expanding into the neighboring sky. But as currents of warm, moist air continue to rise and feed condensation, drier air from the surrounding environment eventually infiltrates the buoyant column of air in a process called entrainment. When this drier air is introduced into the cloud body, it evaporates the clouds droplets and causes parts of the cloud to dissipate. Movement Clouds start out high up in the atmosphere because thats where theyre created, but they remain suspended thanks to the tiny particles they contain. A clouds water droplets or ice crystals are very small, less than a micron (thats less than one-millionth of a meter). Because of this, they respond very slowly to gravity. To help visualize this concept, consider a rock and a feather. Gravity affects each, however the rock falls quickly whereas the feather gradually drifts to the ground because of its lighter weight. Now compare a feather and an individual cloud droplet particle; the particle will take even longer than the feather to fall, and because of the particles tiny size, the slightest movement of air will keep it aloft. Because this applies to each cloud droplet, it applies to the entire cloud itself. Clouds travel with the upper-level winds. They move at the same speed and in the same direction as the prevailing wind at the clouds level (low, middle, or high). High-level clouds are among the fastest moving because they form near the top of the troposphere and are pushed by the jet stream. Color A clouds color is determined by the light it receives from the Sun. (Recall that the Sun emits white light; that white light is made up of all the colors in the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet; and that each color in the visible spectrum represents an electromagnetic wave of a different length.) The process works like this: As the Suns lightwaves pass through the atmosphere and clouds, they meet the individual water droplets that make up a cloud. Because the water droplets have a similar size as the wavelength of sunlight, the droplets scatter the Suns light in a type of scattering known as Mie scattering in which all wavelengths of light are scattered. Because all wavelengths are scattered, and together all colors in the spectrum make up white light, we see white clouds. In the case of thicker clouds, such as stratus, sunlight passes through but is blocked. This gives the cloud a grayish appearance.

Security plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Security plan - Essay Example In place of just one or two users, carrying out tasks on one or two computers, organization has many workers working on a network at one time. While the network expands more than just computers will be connected to that network; however, it is necessary to manage additional servers, a variety of peripherals, and mobile devices (Ray, 2004, p. 80). The security management can involve the handling and implementation of the security measures for the securing of network and corporate business information. In this modern age the IT security and its management has turned out to be a main subject of discussion. The IT security issues are emerged with the emergence of new type of IT and network technologies. Corporate IT and network security is a complex area and new businesses, individuals and corporation are paying more attention on this paradigm. Organization and business presently are facing lot of IT and network technology assaults like hackers attack, viruses, data theft, etc. Curtin (1 997) outlines that IT and network security can be defined as the set of procedures a business or individual can take or apply to protect their network computer system (s), as well as it is a major concern for every person or business that uses computers (Curtin, 1998). Kaminsky (2009) states that in case of the compromised IT security some data and network hackers or competitor can gain access to business sensitive or critical data, that probably consequential in business destruction or data loss (Kaminsky, 2009). This report is a security plan for the business of the Batteries+. In this security plan based report I will outline main security initiative which we will apply for the management and handling of the Batteries+ business and IT security. Batteries+ is a global organization that purchases as well as develops batteries/battery systems. This main business area of the Batteries+ is around the distribution of batteries and battery systems to approximately 2000

Phoenix Mine Field Trip Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

Ernest Hemingway Essay This statement by the writer and journalist, Ernest Hemingway, is not agreeable for me. In my own understanding of morality, it speaks of a system of behavior in regards to standards of right or wrong. It is not about the feelings one can experience after doing something. A feeling is a natural response to our thoughts and intentions. I think not all the decisions that could make us feel good are moral even if it gives us satisfaction and convenience. For example, we all know that abortion or baby butchering is one of the most immoral acts by women today, and even if the mother herself felt the relief and happiness after doing such, it will remain as an act of immorality in the eyes of God and by the law and humanity. On the other hand, people may feel bad of doing something good but they cannot break out from the tracks of morality because of their conscience. In my experience, I often got a negative feeling when I’m moving away from my true desires instead of towards them. It means that some people do moral act though it is against their wills. Moral decisions are not based solely on the good of a person and a good reason but on making a decision that will not cause harm to anyone. The role of morality is to fair play and harmony between individuals and to keep us in a good relationship with the power that created us. It is not about the feelings but of what you know and what you believe is right and good for everyone. OSD Edinel Magtibay Nov. 27,2008 U2A Chrimora Assignment #3 What is Christian Character of Christian Morality? And how far is Christian Morality distinctively Christian and how far it is generally human-that which pertains to common human problems? I have come in order that you might have life life in all its fullness . . . For what my Father wants is that all who see the Son and believe in Him should have eternal life. And I will raise them to life on the last day. John 10: 10, 6: 40 Life in heaven is totally different from life on earth. Yet, it is within our capacity to adjust to this new life and prepare for it while still in this world. This brings us to Christian Morality, which has to do with preparing to make the quantum leap to new life in heaven eternal life. It has to do with freely choosing to prepare for and participate in the fullness of life that Jesus revealed.

The Existence of Evil :: Philosophy Religion Ethics Essays

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African American Studies Notes Essay

1. Discuss the four basic thrusts of the student movement which led to the founding of Black Studies * The Civil Rights Movement (1960) * Break down the barriers of legal separation in public accommodations * Achieve equality and justice for Blacks * Organize Blacks into a self-conscious social force capable of defining, defending and advancing their interests * SNCC emerged as a vanguard group in the CR struggle. * Mobilized, organized and politicized thousands of Black students * Politicized many White students and their leaders through recruiting and training them and bringing them to the South to work in the struggle * The Free Speech Movement (UC Berkeley, 1964) * White student protest against the rigid, restrictive and unresponsive character of the university * Demand for civil rights on campus. * The Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1965) * General student protest against the Vietnam war and university complicity in it through its cooperation with the government in recruitment and research and development programs * Launched by new leftists, especially the Students for a Democratic Society * SNCC, Us, the Congress of Racial Equality participated * Based on opposition to: * The threat the draft posed to Blacks and other males of color not covered by student deferment and especially vulnerable in the South * The government’s war against Third World liberation movements and peoples in general and Vietnam in particular * Fighting an unjust war for a nation depriving Blacks of basic and human rights * The Black Power Movement (1965) * Led to direct establishment of Black Studies * The Watts Revolt in Los Angeles. * Ushered in a new dialog about relations of power in society and the university, the pervasive character of racism, and the need for struggle to overturn the establish order and create a more just society * Stressed the importance of self-determination, need for power, relevant education, cultural grounding, studying and recovering African culture * Organizations stressed the need for the university and society to recognize the diverse cultures of the U. S. * Called on students to engage in struggle in the classrooms, on campus in general and in society to improve life of African people and society itself 2. Discuss the emergence of Black Studies at SFSU * It began in 1966 * Led by black students * It was the rising tide of the black power movement and reflected its sense of social mission and urgency * Black students at SFSC and other campuses responded to the national activism of the Black Power Movement and the Watts Revolt. * 1966 changed their name to Black Student Union (BSU) to indicate a new identity and direction. * Black students developed a black arts an culture series * BSU demanded a legitimate Black Studies Department funded by the college and controlled by black people brought stiff resistance * BSU also demanded special admissions programs for a given number of black studies but it was also resisted. 3. Identify the major groups involved and the contribution of Dr. Nathan Hare * In 1968, Dr. Hare, an author and former professor, was appointed to be coordinator of Black Studies * He was given the task to formulate an autonomous Black Studies Department * He was fired from Howard University for his activism in support of students and the struggle of â€Å"relevant education† * He continued to stress on â€Å"relevant education† when he came to SFSU * By April 1968, Hare had completed his proposal and a program for special admission for Black students * The board of trustees continually delayed implementation of the program and it is this which led to the student’s strike * The university was shut down. * Eventually the students won the strike, which ended march 1969 * San Francisco State (SFSU) became the first institution of education to establish a Black Studies program and department. * GROUPS INVOLVED: Black Power Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Free Speech Movement, Anti-Vietnam War Movement 4. What were the early academic and political concerns of the advocates of Black Studies * Academic 1) concerned with traditional white studies. White studies was seen as inadequate and a distortion of the lives and culture of African people. White studies posed whites as the exemplary model for everyone, was seen as Eurocentric. 2) White studies was also seen as resistant to change which was necessary for relevant education. Black Studies argued for the need to teach Black Studies from a black frame of mind. This later became known as Afrocentric perspective. * Political 1) concerned with the low number of blacks on campus, which was seen as racist exclusion to maintain a white monopoly. So it was demanded that special admission and recruitment efforts were made to solve this problem. 2) Concerned with the treatment of racism. Sought out to make blacks respected and politically involved on campus. 3) Concerned with social problems of the black community and how black students and black studies could address and solve them. 5. What were the early objectives of Black Studies * To teach the Black experience in all its variedness and with special attention to history, culture, and current issues. * Black Studies assemble and create a body of knowledge that contributed to intellectual and political emancipation. (Developing an intellectual and dependent mind and using that knowledge in the interest of Black and human freedom). * Create intellectuals who were dedicated to community service and stressed the importance for Black intellectuals who were conscious, capable, and committed to Black liberation and a higher level of human life. * To nurture, maintain, and continue expansion of an equally beneficial relationship between the campus and the community. Dr. Nathan Hare â€Å" We must bring community to the campus and the campus to the community†. * To establish and confirm its position in the academy as a discipline essential to the educational project and to any real conception of a quality education. (Both an academic and political challenge). Chapter Two Study Questions 4. Discuss the emergence of the Afrocentric initiative and Molefi Asante’s founding role in it. * Emerging in the late 70s and finding its theoretical foundation in a work by Molefi Asante titled Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change and published in 1980 * Asante introduced Afrocentricity as the indispensable perspective of the Black Studies project and initiated a wide-ranging discourse which had both academic and social implications and consequences * Asante energized Black Studies discourse and gave a fresh and added thrust to the pursuit of new research directions in Black Studies with his insistence on African location or centeredness, African agency, and an African frame of reference in research and methodology and intellectual production * He became a much sought after lecturer and commentator * He defines Afrocentrism as a term used to negate and miscast Afrocentricity by its opponents 5. What does multiculturalism and pluralism have in common? * Multiculturalism can be defined as thought and practice organized around respect for human diversity * Expression in four basic ways: * Mutual respect for each people and culture as a unique and equally valuable way of being human in the world * Mutual respect for each people’s right and responsibility to speak their own special cultural truth and make their own unique contribution to society and the world * Mutual commitment to the constant search for common ground in the midst of our diversity * Mutual commitment to an ethics of sharing in order to build the world we all want and deserve to live in * Pluralism * Based on exceptional values as determined by the host of society Chapter Four Studying Questions 1. What arguments does Van Sertima make to prove African presence in Olmec civilization? * Unearthed evidence like more Olmec heads, especially one at tres zapotes showing Ethiopian type braids; more clay sculptures of African types which reflect the coloration and texture of African hair; reaffirmation of skeletal evidence; new evidence from ancient maps; new comparisons of African and south African pyramids; and further discussion on dating of the voyages. 2. What are some basic misconceptions about the holocaust of enslavement? Discuss its impact. * The enslavement was not a â€Å"trade† but instead the whole process by which captives were obtained on African soil was through warfare, trickery, banditry and kidnapping. * Europeans blame Arabs and Africans for participation in the process of enslavement, however they were always the ones benefitting from it. Basically, what looked like an Arab-controlled â€Å"trade† was in fact a European dominated â€Å"trade† with Europeans using Arabs as middlemen. * Although some Africans enslaved others, it was a part of their culture and they were able to be civil with the rest of society. * Impact: depopulation through mass murder, societal disruption/destruction, forced transfer of populations, caused loss of youth and skilled personnel, thus affected scientific, technological and cultural progress of africs. Economic destruction. 3. What was the basis for enslavement and some of its basic aspects? * Based on brutality, cultural genocide, and machinery of control. * Brutality: physical, psychological, sexual * Cultural genocide: destruction of political identities and ethnic units, families, cultural leaders, the outlawing of African languages. * Machinery of control: involved five mechanisms of control- laws, coercive bodies, the church, politically divisive strategies, plantation punishments * 4. List and discuss the major forms of resistance to enslavement * Day-to-day resistance: daily refusal and challenge with which Africans confronted the enslavement system. Included sabotage, breaking tools, destroying crops etc. * Abolitionism (underground railroad). * Emigrationism: the push to emigrate back to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free. * Armed resistance: revolts, ship mutinies, etc. * Cultural resistance: used culture to inspire and maintain one’s humanity through dances, moral narratives, music etc. 5. What were some of the basic reasons for the failure of reconstruction? * White terrorist societies intensified. Ex: ku klux klan * Congress did not give blacks the support they needed and they were essentially reintegrated back into the southern economy under semi-enslaved conditions as sharecroppers. * â€Å"Black codes† (segregation and discrimination) and they didn’t receive land, forcing them back to the plantation. * Supreme court’s benefit through rulings favorable to the south * The Hayes-Tilden compromise in 1877- president hayes granted south federal troop withdrawal, leaving blacks to fend for themselves in racist society 6. What were some of the reasons for the great migration? * To escape the racist south * Wanted to escape crop failures, natural disasters like floods in the south * Growth of industry in the north, labor demands due to WWI * No more immigration from Europe, therefore no more unskilled laborers and domestic servants * The north promised blacks greater opportunities- recruited them 7. What were some of the major organizations founded to struggle against injustice in the early 1900s? Discuss the black womens club movement. * Rose out of African cultural traditions which stressed responsibility to family and community which led to free black women and men establishing numerous mutual aid societies during enslavement * Founded first national conference of the colored women of America which established the national association of colored women * Also the Niagra movement, the NAACP and the urban league 8. Identify the major groups and leaders of the 60s * Booker T. Washington: â€Å"major black leader of his time† * W. E. B. DuBois: white activist-scholar * Marcus Garvey: pan-africanist dedicated to building a nation-state in Africa * Ida B. Wells-Barnett: journalist, organizer, lecturer and teacher 9. What are some major challenges and achievements of the 70s, 80s and 90s? * 70s: 1. Challenges- began with recovery from the massive suppression on the black movement by COINTELRO (counterintelligence program launched by the FBI by director J. Edgar Hoover) 2. Hoover tried to stifle any form of a black revolution 3. Affirmative action- â€Å"reverse discrimination† 4. Achievements- blacks penetration and victories in electoral politics 5. Sought to build national independent power structures 6. Resurgence of pan-africanism * *80s: 1. Challenges- continuing crisis of US society, rise of the vulgar and â€Å"respectable† right, continuing struggle to rebuild a black mass movement and appropriate alliances and coalitions in order to defend black gains, win new ones and minimize losses 2. Problem of alliance and coalition 3. Achievements- heightened level of electoral political activity among blacks 4. First black governor (Virginia) * 90s: 1. Challenges- increasing negative attitude of the Supreme Court to racial injustice and affirmative action, continuation of hate crimes, veto and later passage of 1991 civil rights act, increase in poverty 2. Achievements- election of Bill Clinton and 39 blacks on congress and one black senator 10. Discuss the million persons marches. What were their similar concerns and their effect on the black community? * **Million man march/ day of absence- voiced concern about increasing racism, deteriorating social conditions, etc.and the impact on the world * -Day of absence: women organized communities to stay away from business/ school and to register people to vote and empower the community as a whole * -Created a sense of possibility and promise; after there were increases in membership in organizations, adoption rates, mentoring programs and social activism. * Million woman march- needed to energize the lives and struggles of black women * Million youth march- same thing, but with youths (not a huge turnout) * –All of these marches were a statement for self-consciousness as black men, women, and youth and the responsibility to community and struggle which this implies and requires 11. What are some major challenges of the beginning 21st century? * 2000 presidential election and voter suppression (gore and bush), tragedy and aftermath of hurricane Katrina, HIV/AIDS epidemic, continuing police abuse, deteriorating socio-economic conditions